Pomegranate peel
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of pomegranate peel       This product is the dried peel of pomegranate Punica granatum L. The peel was collected after fruit ripening in autumn and dried in the sun.
      [properties] the product is irregular sheet-shaped or ladle shaped, with different sizes and a thickness of 1.5 ~ 3mm. The outer surface is reddish brown, brownish yellow or dark brown, slightly shiny, rough, with many warty protrusions, some with protruding tubular persistent calyx and thick and short fruit stem or fruit stem marks. The inner surface is yellow or reddish brown, and there are raised and reticulated pedicel scars. It is hard and brittle, with yellow section and slightly granular shape. .
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the exocarp is a row of epidermal cells, which are closely arranged and covered with cuticle. The mesocarp was thick, and the parenchyma cells contained starch granules and calcium oxalate cluster crystals or square crystals; The stone cells are scattered, round, rectangular or irregular, and a few are branched with thick walls; . Endocarp parenchyma cells are smaller, also contain starch granules and calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells are smaller.
      Powder reddish brown. Stone cells are round, rectangular or irregular, a few branched, with a diameter of 27-102 μ m, thick wall, fine pore groove, large lumen, and some contain brown matter. Epidermal cells are square or rectangular in shape, with slightly thicker walls. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 10 ～ 25 μ m in diameter and rare square crystals. The diameter of threaded conduit and reticulated conduit is 12 ～ 18 μ M. .
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of water, heat it in a 60 ℃ water bath for 10 minutes, and filter it while it is hot. Take 1ml of filtrate and add 1 drop of 1% ferric trichloride ethanol solution to make it dark green.
      (3) Take 3G of this product, add 30ml of absolute ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 20ml of water to dissolve the residue, filter, shake and extract the filtrate with petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) twice, 20ml each time, discard the petroleum ether solution, shake and extract the aqueous solution with ethyl acetate twice, 20ml each time, combine the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take gallic acid reference substance, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution, test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same polyamide film, use ethyl acetate butanone formic acid water (10:1:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and spray 1% ferric chloride ethanol solution. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      ; Not more than 6% (general rule 2301).
      Moisture   Not more than 17.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination] tannin   Take about 0.4g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, and measure it according to the tannin content determination method (general rule 2202).
      The tannin content of this product shall not be less than 10.0% according to the calculation of dry products.
      Ellagic acid   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid solution (21:79); The detection wavelength was 254nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the ellagic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it precisely, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, sonicate (power 150W, frequency 40KHz) for 40 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   .
      According to the dry product, the ellagic acid (c14h6o8) content of this product shall not be less than 0.30%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] pomegranate peel   .
      The product is in irregular strip shape or irregular block shape. The outer surface is reddish brown, brownish yellow or dark brown, slightly shiny, with many warty protrusions, and sometimes tubular persistent calyx and fruit stem marks can be seen. The inner surface is yellow or reddish brown, and there are small pits and pulp remnants after the seeds fall off. The cut surface is yellow or bright yellow, slightly granular. .
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 15.0%.
      [identification] [inspection] (total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Pomegranate peel charcoal   Remove the pomegranate peel and stir fry it according to the charcoal roasting method (general rule 0213) until the surface is black yellow and the interior is brown.
      This product is shaped like pomegranate leather silk or piece, with black yellow surface and brown interior.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sour, astringent, warm. Return to the large intestine meridian.
      [functions and indications] astringent intestines, stop diarrhea, stop bleeding, and expel insects. It is used for diarrhea, dysentery, hematochezia, anal prolapse, metrorrhagia, vaginal discharge, insect accumulation and abdominal pain.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 9g.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of pomegranate peel
The peel contains 10.4% tannin, 0.8% wax, 4.5% resin,D-Mannitol（D-mannitol)1.8%， Mucilage 0.6%,gallic acid（galicacid)4.0%， Malic acid, pectin and calcium oxalate are 4.0%, gum is 3.2%, inulin is 1.0%, and non crystalline sugar is 2.7%. From the tannins: granatin a, b[2],Anshi durian forest(punicalin), 2,3-o-epigallocaryl punicalagin [3]. The peel also contains elaidicaicd [4],Isoquercitrin（isoquercetrin)[5]， Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3, - 5-diglucosede, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside [6]. .

The peel, stem peel and bark all contain alkaloids, which have been isolated as follows: pel letierine (punicine), isopelletierine, pseudopelletine, n-methylisopellettie-rine [8,9], etc. The tannins contained in the bark were also isolated as follows: Pomegranate tannin, 2,3-o-digallocaryl-pomegranate tannin, 2-o-galloyl-4,6 - (s, s) digallocaryl-d-glucose [2-o-galloyl-4, 6) s, s) - gallgyl-d-glu-cose], 2,3 - (s) - hexahydroxybiphenyl-d-glucose [2,3 - (s) - hexahy-hydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose [6-o-galloyl-2, 6]3- (s) -hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose], long a, B, C, D, punigluconin in pomegranate peel, Casuarina tannin, and Casuarina tannin [11].

3、 Pharmacological effects of pomegranate peel
1. deworming
2. antibacterial
3. antifungal
4. antiviral