Ginkgo
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Ginkgo       This product is the dried and mature seed of Ginkgo biloba L., a plant of ginkgo family. The seeds are harvested when they are mature in autumn. The fleshy seed coat is removed, washed, slightly steamed or boiled, and dried.
      [character] this product is slightly oval, with one end slightly pointed and the other end blunt, 1.5 ~ 2.5cm long, 1 ~ 2cm wide and about LCM thick. . Mesocarp (shell) bony, hard. The inner seed coat is membranous, the seed kernel is wide ovoid or oval, one end is light brown, the other end is golden yellow, the outer layer of the cross section is yellow, colloidal, the inner layer is light yellow or light green, powdery, and there is a gap in the middle. It tastes sweet and bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is light yellowish brown. Stone cells are scattered individually or in groups, quasi circular, oblong, quasi rectangular or irregular, and some have protrusions, 60-322 µ m long, 27-125 µ m in diameter, thick wall, and fine pore grooves. The endosperm parenchyma cells are light yellowish brown to reddish brown, square, rectangular or polygonal. Endosperm parenchyma cells are mostly rectangular, filled with gelatinized starch granules. .
      (2) Take 10g of the product powder, add 40ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 15ml of water to dissolve the residue, filter through a small amount of cotton, pass the filtrate through a polyamide column (80-100 mesh, 3G, inner diameter of 10-15mm), elute with 70ml of water, collect the eluent, shake and extract twice with ethyl acetate, 40ml each time, combine the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take ginkgolide a reference substance and ginkgolide C reference substance, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml each as the reference solution. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] white nut   .
      Stir fried white nuts   Take pure white nuts and stir fry them according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213) until fragrant. Mash when needed.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter, astringent and flat; Toxic. Return to lung and kidney channels.
      [functions and indications] astringe the lungs, calm asthma, stop band contraction and urination. It is used for phlegm, asthma, cough, leukorrhea, enuresis and frequent urination.
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      [note] raw food is toxic.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Ginkgo
The seeds contain a toxic component, 4-o-methylpyridoxine, known as ginkgotoxin. It also contains 6- (8-pentadecenyl) - 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid [6- (pentadec-8-enyl) - 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoicacid], 6-tridecy-2,4-dihydroxybenzoicacid), cashew acid (anacaridcacid and 25 kinds of elements such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper). . Two ribonucleases were also isolated from endosperm. .

The exosperm contains toxic componentsGinkgolic acid c15:1, hydrogenated ginkgo acid, hydrogenated ginkgo linoleic acid, ginkgo phenol and ginkgo alcohol. It also contains asparagin, formic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, octanoic acid, octanol-10, etc.

Pollen contains a variety of amino acidsL-glutamine, asparagin, proteinCitric acid anhydrous, sucrose, etc. The male flower contains raffinose up to 4% of the fresh weight. The seed kernel contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, sugar, etc.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Ginkgo
1. antibacterial effect ginkgo pulp, white fruit juice, ginkgo phenol, especially ginkgo acid has inhibitory effect on human tuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis in vitro test. Ginkgo extract 150-200mg / kg / day by gavage has obvious therapeutic effect on guinea pigs infected with human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has also been reported that white fruit juice, white pulp, ginkgo phenol, and white fruit acid have no significant efficacy or are too toxic in vivo tests (experimental treatment of mice and guinea pigs). The antibacterial ingredients contained in the pulp of Ginkgo biloba in oil have an effect on several kinds of gram-positive and negative bacteria (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheria Bacillus, anthrax bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, etc.), and have a very significant effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When heated at 85 ℃, this bacterial component has no effect on E. coli, while it still has inhibitory effect on tuberculosis cutting after heated at 100 ℃ for 30 minutes. The aqueous extract of Ginkgo (1:2) showed antibacterial effect on 7 dermatophytes in vitro, such as Trichophyton violaceum, tinea odonioides, and rhodopsis stauroides. The antibacterial activity of Ginkgo pulp is stronger than that of pericarp.

2. effects on respiratory system intraperitoneal injection of Ginkgo ethanol extract to mice can increase phenol red excretion in the respiratory tract, which seems to have expectorant effect. .

3. effects on circulatory system ginkgo diphenol 500mg / kg has a transient hypotensive effect on rabbits. The increase of capillary permeability is most obvious in guinea pigs, followed by rats and rabbits. The lower limb perfusion experiment of rats shows that ginkgo diphenol can release histamine, cause the increase of capillary permeability, and lead to edema, which is antagonized by chlorphenamine.

4. scavenging effect on free radicals: the water-soluble components of Ginkgo biloba testa can scavenge the superoxide free radicals produced by xanthine oxidase system in the presence of oxygen and inhibit chemiluminescence; .

5. other effects: Ginkgo phenol A from fresh ginkgo has a paralyzing effect on the intestines of retired rabbits, makes the isolated uterus contract, and has no effect on the frog heart. . It was said that it contained hydrocyanic acid, which could relieve cough and cause poisoning, but the presence of hydrocyanic acid could not be detected; It is also said that it cannot be proved that ginkgo contains substances that cause convulsions in mice. Ginkgo flesh still has astringent effect.