Chelidonium
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Chelidonium Chelidonium       This product is the dried whole herb of Chelidonium majus L., a plant of Papaver family. Excavate in summer and autumn, remove mud and sand, and dry in the shade or in the sun.
      [character] the root of this product is conical, with many branches and dense fibrous roots. The stem is dry and hollow, and the surface is yellowish green or greenish brown, and some white powder can be seen. The leaves are alternate, mostly shrunken and broken, and the complete ones are one to two pinnate divisions. The lobes are nearly opposite, the apex is blunt, and the edge has irregular notches; The upper surface is yellowish green, and the lower surface is greenish gray, with white pilosity, especially on the veins. . Capsule slender cylindrical; The seeds are mostly oval, small and black. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is greenish brown or yellowish brown. The fibers are mostly in bundles, slender, flat cut at both ends, with a diameter of 25-40 µ m and thin wall. ; The cell walls of the lower epidermis of leaves are wavy and curved, and the stomata are indeterminate. Non glandular hairs are composed of more than 1-10 cells, with fine verrucous protrusions on the surface, sharp apical cells, and one to several cells constricted in the middle. The pollen grains are spherical in shape, with a diameter of 20-38 µ m, and have a fine dot like texture on the surface, with 3 germination pores. Pericarp epidermal cells are rectangular or long fusiform, 60-100 µ m long and 25-40 µ m wide. Some cells contain calcium oxalate crystals, and the cell wall is bead like thickening. The starch granule is a single granule with a diameter of 3-10 µ m; the compound granule is composed of 2-10 granules.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 20ml of hydrochloric acid methanol (0.5:100) mixed solution, heat and reflux for 45 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 10ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract twice with petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃), 10ml each time, discard the petroleum ether solution, adjust the pH value to 7 ～ 8 with 0.1mol/l sodium hydroxide solution, shake and extract twice with dichloromethane, 20ml each time, combine the dichloromethane solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 1g of Chelidonium Chelidonium reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 µ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use toluene ethyl acetate methanol (10:2:0.2) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 12.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 17.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile-1% triethylamine solution (pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid) (26:74) was used as the mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 269nm. The number of theoretical plates according to chelerythrine peak should not be less than 2000.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 2G of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a round bottomed flask, precisely add 40ml of hydrochloric acid methanol (0.5:100) mixed solution, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1.5 hours, cool it, weigh it again, use hydrochloric acid methanol (0.5:100) mixed solution to make up for the lost weight, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 20ml of the continued filtrate, evaporate it to dryness, add 50% methanol to the residue to dissolve it, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add 50% methanol to the scale, shake it well, filter it, and take the continued filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of chelerythrine (c21h18no4+) shall not be less than 0.020%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, spray water, moisten slightly, cut into sections, and dry.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter and cool; Toxic. Return to lung and stomach channels.
      . For epigastric contracture, cough, asthma, whooping cough.
      [usage and use] 9 ～ 18G.
      .

2、 Chemical constituents of Chelidonium majus
Above ground part includingChelerythrine（chelidonine），Protoopioid（ProtoPine），Racemic papaverine（styloPine）, l-papaverine,Allocryptopine（allocryptopine）， Chelerubin,Sanguinarine（san-guinarine），Chelerythrine（chelerythrine），Berberine（coptisine）， L-papaverine β -methoxide, l-papaverine a-methoxylate, berberine, corysamine,Ornithine（sparteine）， Hydroxysanguinarine, hydroxychelidonine, homochelidonine and other alkaloids, but also contains celidoniol. The stems and leaves also contain choline, methylamine, histamine, tyramine, saponins and free flavonol.

In addition, tetrahydrocoptisine, 6-methoxydihydrosanguinarine, 6-methoxydihydrochelerythrine, 8-oxocoptisine were also isolated from the whole plant crude powder of Chelidonium Chelidonium,Tetrahydroberberine(Canadine) and other alkaloids.

The content of alkaloids in the rhizome of Chelidonium Chelidonium is the highest. During the stem formation period, the alkaloids in the rhizome, root and leaf plexus can reach 15%, 12% and 10.5% respectively, while the alkaloid content in the flowering period is the lowest, and the alkaloids in the rhizome, root, stem and leaf are only 0.8%, 0.8% and 0.5% respectively.

Chelidonium Chelidonium milk contains sanguinarine,Chelerythrine，berberine，BerberineIt also contains phenolic compounds and chelidonicacid.

. Vitamin C content in fruits was the lowest.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Chelidonium Chelidonium l.var.chelidonium L.var.sinensis (L.)s.c.f.f.et Zucc..the pharmacological effects of Chelidonium l.var.chelidonium
1. effect of chelerythrine: 1.1. effect on muscle: chemically, it belongs to benzisoquinoline like papaverine, with similar effect. It can inhibit various smooth muscles, has spasmolytic effect, and has low toxicity.
1.2. effect on nervous system: chelerythrine belongs to the protoopioid alkaloids and can also inhibit the central nervous system.
1.3. antitumor effect
1.4. other effects: it can cause mild and lasting reduction of blood pressure in cats; Delay or prevent histamine shock or anaphylactic shock caused by antigen in guinea pigs.
2. effects of other alkaloids: after short-term anesthesia caused by sanguinarine poisoning, strychnine like convulsion can occur, which increases intestinal motility and salivary secretion, and also stimulates the local area first and then turns into paralysis; It can also reduce the activity of cholinesterase, increase the sensitivity of tissues to acetylcholine, and improve the tension of small intestine and uterine smooth muscle.