ginger
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of ginger       This product is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale rosc. Excavate in autumn and winter to remove fibrous roots and sediment.
      [character] the product is irregular block, slightly flat, with finger like branches, 4-18cm long and 1-3cm thick. The surface is yellowish brown or grayish brown, with links, and there are stem marks or buds on the top of branches. It is brittle and easy to break, with light yellow cross-section, obvious endothelial ring pattern and scattered vascular bundles. It has a special smell and spicy taste.
      . Outer tough leaf trace vascular bundles were scattered in the cortex; The endothelial layer is obvious, and the Kjeldahl band can be seen. The stele accounts for most of the rhizome, with most outer tough vascular bundles scattered. The vascular bundles near the columella are small and closely arranged, and there are non lignified fiber bundles in or around the xylem. Most oil cells were scattered in parenchyma; And contains starch granules.
        (2) Take 1g of this product, cut it into 1-2mm small pieces, add 20ml of ethyl acetate, sonicate for 10 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Take another 6-gingerol reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 6 µ l of the test solution and 4 µ l of the control solution, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - trichloromethane ethyl acetate (2:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray vanillin sulfuric acid test solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] total ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] volatile oil   Take an appropriate amount of this product, cut it into small pieces of 1-2mm, add 300ml of water, and determine according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204 a method).
      The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 0.12% (ml/g).
      6-gingerol   8-gingerol   ; Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; Use acetonitrile as mobile phase a, 0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the following table; The flow rate was 0.5ml per minute, and the detection wavelength was 282nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the 6-gingerol peak.
   
        Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of 6-gingerol reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.05mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Cut the product into small pieces of 1-2mm, take about 1g, weigh accurately, place in a 100ml round bottom flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Accurately suck 15 µ l of the reference solution and 15 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine and calculate the content of 6-gingerol; With 6-gingerol as the control, the contents of 8-gingerol and 10 gingerol were calculated using the correction factor.
      In the chromatography of the test sample, the relative retention time of the chromatographic peaks of 8-gingerol and 10 gingerol and the corresponding chromatographic peak of 6-gingerol reference substance shall be within ± 5% of the specified value. The relative retention time and correction factor are shown in the table below:
   
        The content of 6-gingerol (c17h26o4) in this product shall not be less than 0.050%, and the total amount of 8-gingerol (c19h30o4) and 10 gingerol (c21h34o4) shall not be less than 0.040%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] ginger   Remove impurities and wash. Cut thick pieces during use.
        This product is in irregular thick pieces with finger like branches. The section is light yellow, the endothelial layer has obvious rings, and the vascular bundles are scattered. It has a special smell and spicy taste.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was acetonitrile methanol water (40:5:55); The detection wavelength was 280nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the 6-gingerol peak.
        Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of 6-gingerol reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
        Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.8g of this product powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 25ml of methanol, weigh it, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
        Assay   Precisely suck 8 µ l of the reference solution and 20 µ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
        The content of 6-gingerol (c17h26o4) in this product shall not be less than 0.050%
      [identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Ginger peel   Remove the ginger and peel it.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, mild. Return to lung, spleen and stomach meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can relieve exterior cold, moderate temperature, stop vomiting, relieve phlegm and cough, and detoxify fish and crab. For cold, stomach cold, vomiting, cold phlegm cough, fish and crab poisoning.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
      [storage] store in a cool and damp place, or bury in wet sand to prevent freezing.


2、 Chemical constituents of ginger
,SantalolSantalol, β - phellandrene, β - bisabolene, α - curcumene, zingiberol, Perillaldehyde, neral, geranal, 2-caraneol, 3-carenol, camphene, β - ocimene, α - bergamotene, α - bergamotene, β - ocimene, α - bergamotene, α - bergamotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, α - bergamotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, α - bergamotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, α - bergamotene, β - carotene, β - carotene, α - carotene, β - carotene, α, Citral, 7-menthene, isofenchylalcohol, α - farnesene, 1,3,3-trimethyltricyclo [2.2.1.02,6] - heptane [1,3,3-trimethyltricyclo [2.2.1.02,6] heptane], 2,6-dimethyl-6 - (4-methyl-3-pentenyl) - bicyclo [3.1.1] - 2-heptane [2,6-dimethyl-6 - (4-methyl-3-pentenyl)yl) -bicyclo[3.1.1]-2-heptene], 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane [1,3, 3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane]， Dozens of compounds such as 1- (1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl) - 4-methylbenzene [1- (1,5-eimethyl-4-hexenyl) - 4-methylbenzene] and galanolactone; Spicy ingredients:6-gingerol (6-gingerol)， 3-gingerol, 4-gingerol, 5-gingerol,8-gingerol，10-Gingerol , 12 gingerol, 6-gingediol, 4-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10 gingerol, 6-methylgingediol, 4-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10 gingerol, 6-methylgingediol, 4-gingerol diacetate, 6-gingerol diacetate, 6-methylgingenediacetate, 6-methylgingediacetate, 6-gingerol diacetate, 6-gingerol diacetate, 6-gingerol diacetate, 6-gingerol diacetate, 6-gingerone, 10-gingerone, 6-dehydrogengerdion, 10 dehydrogenedione, 6-acetylgingerol, 6-shogaol, et al.

Ginger also contains furanogermenone, pipecolicacid, aspartic acid, glutamicid,l-serine (L-serine) and other amino acids.

3、 Pharmacological effects of ginger
1. effect on digestive system

2. effect on circulation and respiration

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4. other effects: subcutaneous injection of frog and intravenous injection of a large amount of gingerone in rabbits can cause central motor paralysis, and sometimes the blood pressure can drop in rabbits.