Aucklandia
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Radix Aucklandiae       This product is the dried root of Aucklandia lappa decne. Excavate in autumn and winter, remove sediment and fibrous roots, cut sections, and then cut large ones into petals longitudinally. After drying, knock off the coarse skin.
      [properties] the product is cylindrical or semi cylindrical, 5-10cm long and 0.5-5cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish brown to grayish brown, with obvious wrinkles, longitudinal grooves and lateral root marks. It is hard to break, with grayish brown to dark brown section, grayish yellow or light brownish yellow surrounding, brown cambium ring, radial texture and scattered Brown punctate oil chambers. The smell is special and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellow green. Inulin is common, with radial texture on the surface. The wood fibers are mostly in bundles, long fusiform, 16-24 μ m in diameter, and the orifices are transverse cracks, cross shaped or herringbone shaped. Reticulate ducts are common, and there are also marginal pit ducts with a diameter of 30-90 μ M. Oil chamber fragments are sometimes visible, containing yellow or brown secretions.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. In addition, 0.5mg/1ml solution was prepared by adding methanol to the dehydrocarbactone reference substance and the costunolide reference substance as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of cyclohexane ethyl formate formic acid (15:5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 1% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat it until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] total ash   .
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; Methanol water (65:35) was used as mobile phase; .
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of aucklandin reference substance and dehydrocaucklandin reference substance, accurately weigh them, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.3g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, place it overnight, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 50KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the weight lost with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dried products, the total amount of aucklandin lactone (c15h20o2) and dehydrogenated aucklandin vinegar (c15h18o2) shall not be less than 1.8%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] wood incense   Remove impurities, wash, stuffy, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
      This product is round or irregular thick film. The skin is yellowish brown to grayish brown with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is brownish yellow to brownish brown, with obvious chrysanthemum heart-shaped radial texture in the middle, forming a brown ring, with scattered brown oil spots (oil chambers). .
      [check] moisture   Not more than 14.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      [extract] take particles with a diameter of less than 3mm and measure them according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using ethanol as solvent, which shall not be less than 12.0%.
      [content determination] the total amount of costunolide (c15h20o2) and dehydrocostunolide (c15h18o2) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.5%.
      [identification] [inspection] (total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      ; Take the UN dried pieces of Aucklandia, put a layer of straw paper and a layer of Aucklandia in the iron wire plaque, tile several layers at intervals, place them near the fire or in the drying room, bake and simmer until the volatile oil contained in the Aucklandia seeps onto the paper, and take them out. This product is shaped like Muxiang tablets. The smell is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [identification] the same as medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, bitter and warm. Returning to the spleen, stomach, large intestine, triple energizer and gallbladder meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can promote qi and relieve pain, strengthen spleen and eliminate food. It is used for chest and flank pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea and dysentery, food accumulation does not disappear, and does not want to eat. Simmer wood incense to stop diarrhea. For diarrhea and abdominal pain.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G.
      [storage] keep dry and damp proof.
 


2、 Chemical constituents of Aucklandia
Root oil main contentDehydrocosthol（dehydrocostus-lactone），Lignocene lactone（costunolide）， The content is up to 50% [1, 2], and it also contains sassureal, 4 β - methoxydehydrocotuslactone [2], costuslactone, di hydrocostuslactone [3], α - cyclocostunolide, β - cyclocostunolide,Cumin lactone（alantolactone），Isosorbide（isoalan-tollactone）[4]， Isodehydrocostuslactone, isozaluzanin c[5], 12 methoxydihydrodeshydrocostuslactone, dihydro costunolide [6], costene, aphotaxene [1], (E) 9-isopropyl-6-methyl-5,9-decadien-2-one [(E) - 9-isopropyl-6-methyl -hyl-5,9-decadien-2-one][7], (E) -6, 10-dimethyl-9-methylene-5-undecane-2-one [(E) -6, 10-dimethyl-9-methyleneundec-5-en-2-one][8], p-cymene, myrcene, β -elemene, cedrene, humulene, β -ionone,Linalool（linalool）， Cedrol [3], costol, elemol [9, 10],Betulin（etulin），β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Stigmasterol（stigmasterol）[9]， Costicacid,palmitic acidPalmiticid and linoleic acid [4], etc.

The root also contains aspartic acid (saparticacid), glutamicid,glycine（glycine）， Asparagine, glutamicid,glycine（glycine）， 20 kinds of amino acids such as asparagine, citrulline, γ - aminobutyric acid, cholamine [11], saussureenine a, B, C, D, e, massoniresinol-4-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, picrisideb, syringin [12], etc.

3、 Pharmacological action of Radix Aucklandiae
1. effects on the respiratory system: guinea pig isolated trachea and lung perfusion experiments proved that wood perfume extract, alcohol extract, volatile oil and total alkaloids can resist the spasmogenic effects of histamine and acetylcholine on trachea and bronchus. The total lactone, costunolide, dihydrocostunolide and other lactone components in the volatile oil as well as the de lactone volatile oil can resist the bronchoconstriction caused by histamine, acetylcholine and barium chloride, among which dihydrocostunolide has a stronger effect. Intraperitoneal injection has a protective effect on guinea pigs inhaled lethal doses of histamine or acetylcholine aerosol, which can prolong the incubation period of asthma and reduce mortality. The above results show that its bronchodilator smoothing effect is similar to that of papaverine. It is believed that the direct effect is caused by smooth muscle. The intrathoracic cannula was inserted into the pleural cavity of anesthetized cats to record the respiration, and the bronchiectasis reaction could occur after intravenous injection of muscarine. . Water extract, alcohol extract, volatile oil, de lactone volatile oil and total alkaloids had certain inhibitory effects on the respiration of anesthetized dogs. Among them, volatile oil has stronger effect, and the lactone components contained in volatile oil have no obvious effect on respiration. The cough induced by mechanical stimulation in dogs showed that the lactone components in the volatile oil and the de lactone volatile oil had no antitussive effect.

2. effect on the intestine: the extract of wood perfume, volatile oil and total alkaloids had a mild excitatory effect on the isolated small intestine of mice, and then the tension and rhythm were significantly reduced. It has an antagonistic effect on intestinal muscle spasm caused by acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride. The effect of low-dose Decoction on isolated small intestine has no certain regularity, while high-dose decoction has inhibitory effect. Volatile oil can also inhibit the movement of isolated rabbit small intestine, making its rhythm slow and contraction irregular. .

3. cardiovascular effects: low concentration of volatile oil of Aucklandia aromatica and various lactone fractions isolated from the volatile oil can inhibit the activity of isolated guinea pig and rabbit hearts to varying degrees, and also inhibit isolated frog hearts. A small dose of water extract and alcohol extract can excite frog heart and dog heart in vivo, while a large dose has inhibitory effect. Muscarine 1-2mg intravenously can excite the cat heart in vivo, and the excitatory effect on the ventricle is more obvious than that on the atrium.

The isolated rabbit ear and rat hindlimb vascular perfusion experiments also showed that the volatile oil and total lactone of norlactone had obvious vasodilatory effect. Other lactone moieties have less effect. A small dose of total alkaloids can dilate the isolated rabbit ear blood vessels, but a large dose can cause contractile reaction.

Intravenous injection of water extract and alcohol extract to anesthetized dogs had mild pressor response. Intravenous injection of norlactone resistant volatile oil, total lactone, costunolide, dihydrocostunolide and dehydrocostunolide could moderately reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized dogs (30-40mmhg), and the antihypertensive effect was relatively long-lasting. Transection of cervical spinal cord and bilateral vagus nerves or atropinization or administration of ganglion blockers, anti adrenergic drugs or anti histamine drugs did not change the above hypotensive response. It is preliminarily believed that the hypotensive mechanism is caused by cardiac inhibition and vasodilation.

4. antibacterial effect: the concentration of volatile oil at 1:3000 can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus, golden yellow and white grapes, and has weak effect on Escherichia coli and diphtheria bacilli; The total alkaloids have no antibacterial effect. In addition to the slight inhibitory effect on Bacillus paratyphi A, the decoction of this product has no effect on seven pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and dysentery bacilli. .