Gallnut
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Galla chinensis       This product is a gall on the leaves of Rhus chinensis mill., Rhus potaninii maxim., or Rhus punjabensis stem. var. Sinica (Diels) rehd. et wils., which is mainly parasitized by the GALL APHID Melaphis chinensis (Bell) Baker. Pick in autumn, boil or steam in boiling water until the surface is gray, kill aphids, take out and dry. According to different shapes, it can be divided into "belly fold" and "horn fold".
      [character] triploid   It is oblong or spindle shaped sac, 2.5-9cm long and 1.5-4cm in diameter. Its surface is grayish brown or grayish brown, slightly pilose. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, with horny section, shiny, wall thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.3cm, smooth inner wall, dark brown dead aphids and gray powdery excrement. .
      Angular magnification   It is rhombic, with irregular obtuse angle branches, obvious pilosity and thin wall.
      [identification] take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, sonicate for 15 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Take another 0.5g of gallnut control medicine and make the control medicine solution in the same way. Then take gallic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. . .
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 3.5% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] tannin   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing No. 4 sieve), weigh it accurately, and measure it according to the tannin content determination method (general rule 2202).
      The tannin content of this product shall not be less than 50.0% according to the calculation of dry products.
      Gallic acid   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (15:85); The detection wavelength was 273nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the gallic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh accurately, add 50ml of 4mol/l hydrochloric acid solution precisely, heat and hydrolyze in a water bath for 3.5 hours, cool and filter. Accurately measure 1ml of the continuous filtrate, put it into a 100ml volumetric flask, add 50% alcohol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The tannin content of this product is calculated as gallic acid (C7H6O5) and shall not be less than 50.0% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] knock it open to remove impurities.
      [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sour, astringent and cold. Return to lung, large intestine and kidney meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can restrain lung and fire, astringe intestines, stop diarrhea, sweat, stop bleeding, damp and sores. It is used for long-term cough due to lung deficiency, phlegm cough due to lung heat, long-term diarrhea and dysentery, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, thirst quenching, hematochezia and hemorrhoids, trauma hemorrhage, carbuncle, swelling and sore poison, and wet and rotten skin.
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      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent pressure.
 

2、 Chemical constituents of Galla chinensis
Galls of Rhus chinensis mainly contain gall tannin. 1,2,3,4,6-penta-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose(1, 2, 3, 4, 6-pen-ta-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose), 3-o-digalogoyl-1, 2, 4, 6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose (3-o-digalogloyl-1, 2, 4, 6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose), 2-o-digalogoyl-1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose (2-o-digalogloyl-1, 3, 4,6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose), 4-o-di-galloyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose (4-o-di-galloyl-1,2,3, 6-tetra-o-galloyl - β -d-glucose), 2,3-o-di-galloyl-1,4,6-tri-o-galloyl - β -d-glucose (2,3-bis-o-di-galloyl-1,4,6-tri-o-galloyl - β -dglucose), 3-o-tri-galloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-o-galloyl - β -d-glucose (3-o-trigoyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-o-galloyl- β -d-glucose), 3,4-bis-o-digalloyl-1,2,6-tri-o-galloyl - β -d-glucose (3,4-bis-o-digalloyl-1,2,6-tri-o-galloyl - β -d-glucose), 2,4-bis-o-di-galloyl-1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Galla chinensis
1. the protein of gland cells is coagulated to cause secretion inhibition, resulting in dry mucosa and precipitation of protein in nerve terminals, which can be a weak phenomenon of local anesthesia. Tannic acid can form insoluble compounds with several metals, alkaloids or glycosides, so it is used as an antidote. In the past, tannic acid was used to treat burns (it can form eschar to protect the wound surface, avoid external stimuli, reduce pain and fluid loss). Due to its great shortcomings (it can form eschar, cover the infection, hinder the growth of normal tissues, especially a large amount of absorption can damage the liver, etc.), modern surgery is no longer used. Tannic acid has little effect on normal intestinal motility. It can stop diarrhea because of its astringent effect and reduce intestinal inflammation. . The amount of tannic acid can interfere with the absorption of food (precipitate protein), but in the alkaline environment of the small intestine, the protein can be released again, so it is harmless to contain a small amount of tannic acid in food or beverages, but if excessive tea consumption occurs in large amounts, the absorption of food can be delayed. A larger amount may even cause irritation and corrosion, especially when fasting, which may lead to pain, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.

2. antibacterial effect: in vitro test, it has obvious antibacterial or bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, pneumococcus, typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, anthrax, diphtheria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. In addition to tannin, Galla chinensis also contains other antibacterial active ingredients, which are mainly distributed in the skin. The decoction of Galla chinensis heart has no antibacterial effect. Gallnut decoction has inhibitory effect on influenza A PR8 strain virus inoculated in chicken embryos, which may be related to the tannin contained in it. The 100% decoction has inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dysentery bacillus, proteus, Escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, Enterobacter enteritidis, anthrax bacillus, Diphtheria Bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B and pneumococcus by the plate drilling method. Its antibacterial effect is not due to the acidity of tannic acid, but due to its coagulation effect on protein; .

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4. others: tannic acid is difficult to absorb in the gastrointestinal tract and hydrolyzes into gallic acid when passing through the gastrointestinal tract. Gallic acid has no astringent effect and is easy to be absorbed and decomposed in the body. . Gallic acid and its esters can inhibit the contractile effect of bradykinin on guinea pig ileum.