Schisandra chinensis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Schisandra chinensis       This product is the dried and mature fruit of Schisandra chinensis (turcz.) baill., a Magnoliaceae plant. It is known as "Schisandra chinensis". .
      [properties] the product is irregular spherical or oblate, with a diameter of 5-8mm. The surface is red, purplish red or dark red, wrinkled and oily; Some surfaces appear black red or "white frost". The pulp is soft, the seeds are 1-2, kidney shaped, the surface is brownish yellow, shiny, and the seed coat is thin and brittle. The flesh is slightly gassy and tastes sour; .
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the exocarp is a row of square or rectangular cells, with a slightly thick wall, covered with cuticle and scattered oil cells; Mesocarp has more than 10 rows of parenchymal cells, containing starch granules and scattered small outer tough vascular bundles; The endocarp is a row of small square parenchyma cells. The outermost layer of seed coat is a row of radially elongated stone cells with thick wall, fine pits and pore grooves; Below it are a series of round, triangular or polygonal stone cells with large pits; Under the stone cell layer are a series of parenchyma cells, and there are vascular bundles in the seed ridge; The oil cell layer is a row of rectangular cells, containing brownish yellow oil droplets; ; The inner epidermis of seed coat is a row of small cells with slightly thick wall, and the endosperm cells contain fat oil droplets and aleurone particles.
      Powder dark purple. The stone cells of seed coat epidermis are polygonal or long polygonal on the surface, with a diameter of 18-50 μ m, a thick wall, very fine and dense pore grooves, and a dark brown substance in the cell cavity. The stone cells in the inner layer of seed coat are polygonal, quasi circular or irregular, with a diameter of about 83 μ m, a slightly thicker wall and larger pits. The epidermal cell surface of pericarp is polygonal in appearance, and the vertical wall is slightly Beaded thickened, with cuticular lines on the surface; . Mesocarp cells shrunk, containing dark brown matter and starch granules.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 20ml of trichloromethane, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of trichloromethane to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 1g of Schisandra chinensis reference material was prepared into the reference material solution by the same method. Then take schisandrin a reference substance and add chloroform to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of petroleum ether (30 ～ 60 ℃) - ethyl formate formic acid (15:5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] impurities shall not exceed 1% (general rule 2301).
      Moisture   Not more than 16.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (65:35) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 250nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 according to the peak of schisandrin a.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of schisandrin a reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.3mg of schisandrin a per 1ml, and then get it.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.25g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, put it into a 20ml volumetric flask, add about 18ML of methanol, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 20KHz) for 20 minutes, take it out, add methanol to the scale, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of schisandrin a (c24h32o7) in this product shall not be less than 0.40%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] Schisandra chinensis   Remove impurities. Mash when needed.
      [character], [identification], [inspection] (moisture and total ash) [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Vinegar Schisandra chinensis   Take Schisandra chinensis and steam it to black according to the vinegar steaming method (general rule 0213). Mash when needed.
      This product is shaped like Schisandra chinensis, and its surface is black, oily, and slightly shiny. It smells of vinegar.
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 28.0%.
      .
      . Return to lung, heart and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] astringent and astringent, invigorating qi and body fluid, tonifying kidney and calming heart. It is used for long-term cough, asthenia, sleep loss, seminal fluid, enuresis, frequent urination, continuous diarrhea, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, Tianjin injury and thirst, internal heat and thirst, palpitations and insomnia.
      [usage and dosage] 2 ~ 6G.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent mold.
 


2、 Chemical constituents of Schisandra chinensis
1. Schisandra chinensis fruit contains a variety of lignans: GomiGomisin a,Gomisin BNamely, schisantherin B,Gomisin CNamely, schisantherin a, gomisin FGomisinG，Schisandrin(schisandrin) i.eSchisandrin a（wuweizichunA，schisandrolA）[1]，Gomisin D[2]，Gomisin H,Angelioylgomisin H, tigloylgomisin h, benzoylgomisin h[3],Gomisin J, progomisin, meso dihydroguaiaretic acid [4], epigomisin o, deoxy schisandrin, namely schisandrin a,Gomisin n、GomisinO、GomisinE[5]， Dimethylgomisin J, gomisin P, deangeloylgosin B, f[6], levo gomisin k1[6,7], dextro gomisin K2, k3[7], Crotonyl gomisin P, angelic acid gomisin p[8], angelioylgosin Q [9], dextro gomisin m2, racemic gomisin M1; γ - schisandrin, namely schisandrin B, zuolu gomisin L1 and l2[10], angelioyl gomisin o, angelioylisomisin o, benzoylisogomisin o[11], gomisin R, schisandrin C, schisandrin d[12], gomisin s, t[3], isoschisandrin [14], nordihydroguaiaretic acid [15], etc.;the main components of the compound are as follows:the main components of the compound are as follows:the main components of the compound are as follows:the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandrin, the compound of schisandr; , .

The seed kernel contains schisandrin a, B, C, schisandrin A and schisandrin b[17].

2. lignans in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis: d-epi-bacin [18], racemic anwuligan, chicanine [19], schiandron [20], angelioylgomicin P, crotonoylgomicin P, d-gomisin K13, Schisandra chinensis esters a, B, C, D, e, gomisin benzoate P, q[21], gomisin u, benzoyl gomisin u, crotonoylgomicin O and table gomisin o[22] et al; It also contains anwuweizicacid [19] and volatile oil. The volatile oil contains 65 components, including 40 identified components, including higher content of cuprene, thujopsene, 2- (2-phenylcyclohexyloxy) - ethanol [2 - (2-phenylcyclohexyloxy) - ethanol], 2- (p-cyclohexylphenoxy) - ethanol [2- (p-cyclohexylphenoxy) -ethanol], 4-phenyl-bicyclo [2.2.2] - 1-octanol (4 -phenylbicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ol), α - santalene, Trans caryophyllene and β -selinen, etc. [23]. The seeds contain schisandrin A and B, schisandrin esters A and B in Central China [17], and ganwuweizicacid [24].


3、
1. effect on central nervous system 1.1. effect of volatile oil from Schisandra chinensis fruit on sleep time of mice induced by sodium pentobarbital: mice were randomly divided into groups, with 10 mice in each group. The control group was given 20ml/kg of 10% Arabic Mucilage by gavage, and the administration group was given 14ml/kg and 8ml/kg of Schisandra chinensis volatile oil emulsion (equivalent to 1.24g/kg and 0.71g/kg of volatile oil) by gavage, once a day, for 3 consecutive days, 90 minutes after the last administration. Pentobarbital sodium 50mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. The experiment was carried out according to the conventional method in a quiet room at 24 ± 1 ℃. The results showed that compared with the control group, the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium in the above two dose groups of Schisandra volatile oil was significantly shortened (P < 0.001). Its mechanism of shortening the sleep time caused by sodium pentobarbital may be caused by the induction of liver drug enzymes.

1.2. effect of Schisandra volatile oil on the median lethal dose of pentylenetetrazole and strychnine, central stimulants mice were randomly divided into two groups, the control group was given 10% Arabic mucilage 20ml/kg by gavage; The administration group was given Schisandra volatile oil emulsion 14ml/kg (equivalent to 1.24g/kg of Schisandra volatile oil) by gavage. Each group was given once a day for three consecutive days. One hour after the last administration, pentylenetetrazole and strychnine were injected by tail vein according to the sequential method. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the median lethal dose of pentylenetetrazole and strychnine between the administration group and the control group, indicating that the volatile oil of Schisandra chinensis had no synergistic effect with pentylenetetrazole and strychnine.

3. the sedative effect of schisandrin (SZ) and gomisina (GA) on mice showed that the inhibitory effect of GA on spontaneous movement (rotating cage method) was longer than that of SZ, 25mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally, the duration of GA was 60 minutes, and SZ was 10-20 minutes. The dose needed to inhibit the excitatory effect of methamphetamine (subcutaneous injection of 1.5mg/kg) was 50mg/kg for GA and 100mg/kg for SZ, which prolonged the sleep time of pentobarbital. The effective dose of GA was 12.5mg/kg (subcutaneous injection), and SZ had little effect.

4. the effect of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra chinensis produced in Sichuan on the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium: 18-22g white mice, both male and female, were divided into the administration group and the control group. The administration group was gavaged with Schisandra chinensis preparation 5g/kg, and the control group was gavaged with distilled water of the corresponding volume. After 60 minutes of administration, sodium pentobarbital 45mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. The time from the disappearance of righting reflex to recovery was taken as the sleep time index. The significant difference of sleep time between the administration group and the control group was measured by T value. The results showed that except Schisandra chinensis and mixed Schisandra chinensis, other varieties of Schisandra chinensis could significantly prolong the sleep time of sodium pentobarbital (O.05 > P > 0.001).

6. effect of Schisandra chinensis seed ethanol extract (hereinafter referred to as Wurenchun) on pentobarbital sodium sleep time and subthreshold dose hypnosis: when doing pentobarbital sodium sleep experiment, 10 mice in each group were orally given 1, 2.5 or 5g/kg of Wurenchun, and after 30 minutes, 50mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium was injected intraperitoneally. According to the time index from the disappearance of righting reflex to the recovery, the significant difference of sleep time between the administration group and the control group was determined by T value. Results as shown in Table 4 and table 5, pentanol 1g/kg had no significant effect on pentobarbital sodium sleep time; 2.5g/kg， It can significantly prolong the sleep time of sodium pentobarbital and promote the animals with subthreshold hypnotic dose of sodium pentobarbital to sleep. The sleep time of 5g/kg group is about three times that of the control group.

1.67 effect of sodium pentobarbital on sleep time: Ten mice in each group were given each component of Schisandra chinensis by gavage or intraperitoneal injection 1 hour or 24 hours before subcutaneous injection of sodium pentobarbital (50mg/kg). The number of animals falling asleep and the average sleep time were observed with the disappearance and recovery of righting reflex as the index. . It can be seen that 1 hour after giving a small dose (12.5mg/kg) of B, C and B alcohol can significantly prolong the sleep time. The effect of gavage and intraperitoneal injection is the strongest for C, and the sleep time is 2-3 times that of the control group. Ethyl ester at 100mg/kg can also prolong sleep time, and the effect of intraperitoneal injection is stronger than that of gavage; The effect of methyl ester was not obvious even when the large dose was given by gavage, but the sleep time was significantly prolonged when injected intraperitoneally; No matter injected or gavaged, the sleep time of a and a had no obvious effect. When pentobarbital was given 24 hours after 100mg/kg gavage, the sleep time of alcohol B, B, and a groups was significantly shortened, but it was still prolonged in the C group, and there was no significant difference in a, ester a, and ester B between the two groups. .

1.7. effect of schisandrin B on the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium in mice: the sleep experiment of pentobarbital sodium in mice showed that the detoxification ability of liver in mice was decreased after CCl4 poisoning, and the sleep time of poisoned mice was significantly longer than that of normal mice. First administration of B can reduce this prolongation, but it can also significantly shorten the sleep time of normal mice after administration of B. further experiments found that the effect of B on the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium was biphasic, and the sleep time of 0.5-3 hours after administration of B was significantly prolonged, while that of 24-72 hours was significantly shortened. However, it has no effect on the sleep time of diethylbarbital. It is known that diethylbarbital does not undergo liver metabolism in the body, which suggests that prolonging the sleep time of sodium pentobarbital may lie in inhibiting the metabolism of pentobarbital by the liver, rather than reflecting the synergistic effect of the two on the central nervous system. The results of the determination of sodium pentobarbital in the brain supported this view. Although the sleep time was significantly longer than that of the control group one hour after the administration of B, the content of sodium pentobarbital in the brain of newly awakened animals was not lower but higher than that of the control group, indicating that the sensitivity of the brain to sodium pentobarbital was not increased. It seems to be decreased instead, suggesting that the effect of B is not to directly inhibit the central nervous system, but to inhibit the metabolism of pentobarbital sodium in the liver.

1.8. effect on mouse rotarod passive activity: rotarod passive activity experiment, according to Kinnard's device. . During the experiment, 10 animals in each group were placed on the rotating rod 30 minutes after the administration of pentanol, and the animals were observed for 3 minutes. The percentage of falling animals in each group was recorded. The half effective dose was calculated by Miller Tainter method, and compared with the half lethal dose. The results showed that the half lethal dose of passive falling of rotating rod in mice with oral or intraperitoneal injection of pentanol was close to the half lethal dose of the corresponding administration route, indicating that pentanol only affected the passive activity at the toxic dose, and the general dose had no obvious effect on the ataxia and coordination movement or muscle strength of mice.

1.9. effect on the autonomous activity of mice: use photoelectric device to record the autonomous activity of mice. The movable box is placed in a 23 ± L ℃ incubator. Five animals were placed each time. The number of times that the group of animals blocked the light in 10 minutes was measured immediately after the animals were placed, which was taken as the number of activities. In the single pentanol group, the activity number of mice was measured 1 hour after oral administration of 5 or 10g/kg. . The results showed that oral administration of 5-10g/kg pentanol could significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice. Oral administration of pentanol 10g/kg could significantly enhance the inhibitory effect of central tranquilizers chlorpromazine and reserpine on self activity, and antagonize the excitatory effect of central stimulant amphetamine on self activity.

1.10. effects on convulsions caused by electroconvulsive and central stimulants: when conducting electroconvulsive experiments, mice were orally administered with pentanol 10g/kg, and then given electrical stimulation after 30 minutes. The intensity of electrical stimulation was 60 Ma, the frequency was 150 times / s, and each stimulation was 0.15 MS, with tonic seizures as the index. When observing the experiment of pentanol antagonizing convulsion caused by central excitation, pentanol was first given 5-10g/kg, and then different doses of strychnine were injected by tail vein injection 1 hour later. Pentylenetetrazol, caffeine or nicotine. When observing the effect of the combined application of pentanol and reserpine on pentylenetetrazol convulsion, the reserpine alone group was given intraperitoneal injection of 2mg/kg, and the tail vein injection of pentylenetetrazol was given 4 hours later. . Except for the rapid injection of nicotine, the injection speed of other convulsive drugs was completed within 20s. The 50% clonic convulsion dose (CD50) or 50% tonic convulsion dose (TD50) was calculated by the up-down method and compared with the control group. The electroconvulsive test showed that all mice in the control group developed convulsions. Among the 10 mice with 10g/kg oral pentanol, 9 mice developed convulsions. It can be seen that pentanol has no obvious effect on electroconvulsive convulsions, while oral administration of 10g/kg pentanol can significantly increase the CD50 of pentylenetetrazol and the TD50 of nicotine. Although the TD50 of pentylenetetrazol and caffeine also increased to varying degrees, the 95% confidence limit of 50% convulsive dose partially intersected with that of the control group. In addition, the experimental results also showed that reserpine 2mg/kg intraperitoneal injection significantly reduced the TD50 of pentylenetetrazol, while pentanol 4g/kg oral administration did not antagonize the above effects of reserpine, on the contrary, it significantly strengthened the effect of reserpine in reducing the convulsive threshold of pentylenetetrazol. The TD50 of strychnine, a spinal cord stimulant, seemed to decrease after pentanol administration, but the 95% confidence limit of TD50 in the administration group and the control group partially intersected. It is suggested that the central effect of pentanol is more inhibitory, and it obviously strengthens the effect of reserpine.

. The animals in the treatment group were orally given 5, 10 and 20g / kg pentanol, and the control group was given the same volume of distilled water. The inhibition rate of conditioned reflex (SGR) was measured 30-45 minutes after administration. See the report of Niu Xinyi for the experimental device and method. Oral administration of pentanol 5g/kg in rats had no significant effect on avoidant conditioning; Intragastric administration of 10G and 20g/kg could not only prolong the latency of the second-order conditioned reflex, but also inhibit the second-order conditioned reflex and conditioned reflex to the same extent. When the conditioned reflex was inhibited, the animals showed no other abnormal behavior except for a little calmness.

2. protective effects on liver: 2.1. effects on protein synthesis and hepatic glycogen production: 2.1.1. effects of seven components of Schisandra chinensis on hepatic glycogen production in starved mice 2-4 groups of mice were used for each experiment, with 10 mice in each group. After strict fasting for 16 hours, one group was given Tween-80 by gavage as control, and the other groups were given drugs to be tested by gavage. Animals in each group were gavaged with 20ml/kg of 10% glucose solution one hour after administration. The animals were decapitated for another 120 minutes, and 20-25mg of liver tissue was immediately weighed, and 5% trichloroacetic acid was added to make 5mg/ml tissue homogenate. After centrifugation, 2ml of supernatant was taken, and glycogen was determined by AllInOne method.

Another group of mice were treated with normal saline containing 5% glucose after bilateral adrenalectomy. After feeding with tap water and normal feed for 7 days, they were strictly fasted for 10 hours. . After another 120 minutes, the animals were decapitated and sacrificed. Immediately weigh 80-100mg of liver tissue, add 5% trichloroacetic acid to make 20mg/ml tissue homogenate, centrifuge, take 2ml of supernatant, and determine glycogen with iodine reagent method. From table 9, it can be seen that ethyl alcohol, α, α and β can significantly promote the production of hepatic glycogen. Whether in normal mice or adrenalectomized mice, the effect of ethyl alcohol is the strongest, and the intensity is equivalent to that of cortisone. The effects of propyl, ester A and ester B were not obvious. It is suggested that the effect of some components of Schisandra chinensis is not mainly to affect the pituitary adrenal system, but by itself.

2.1.2. effects of pentanol on hepatic glycogen production in mice: after fasting for 20 hours, the mice were divided into groups according to body weight. The mice in the administration group were orally administered with pentanol once, and the control group was administered with the same volume of excipients. One hour later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 20ml/kg of 10% glucose solution. After another 2 hours, the mice were decapitated and sacrificed. A small piece of liver was ground into 5% liver homogenate with 5% trichloroacetic acid, centrifuged, and 0.1ml supernatant was taken to determine the glycogen content. The results showed that pentanol could significantly promote the production of hepatic glycogen.

2.1.3. mice were orally administered with Schisandra chinensis nut ethanol extract and its effective component - B, once a day for three consecutive days, and then injected with 14C phenylalanine intraperitoneally. The results showed that the incorporation rate of this amino acid into liver protein significantly increased, indicating increased protein synthesis.

. At 10 a.m. on the first day of the experiment, the animals in each group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1% CCl4 peanut oil solution once (10ml/kg), and the Schisandra preparations were given at 4 p.m. on the same day, 10g raw medicine per LKG was gavaged once a day for 4 consecutive days. The control group was gavaged with a considerable amount of 2% Tween-80. At 4:00 p.m. on the fourth day of the experiment, 0.1% CCl4 was given again. At 8:00 a.m. on the fifth day, the animals were decapitated and blood was taken (fasting for 12-16 hours before taking blood), and then the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (hereinafter referred to as SGPT) was determined according to the king's direct chromogenic method. As a result, the SGPT increased to 1092 units / 100ml of blood when CCL was given 42 times (3 days apart); When treated with pentanol 10g/kg, once a day for 4 consecutive days, the sg-pt of the animals was significantly reduced; Although the SGPT value of animals given Schisandra chinensis fatty oil was lower than that of the control, the difference was not significant after statistical treatment. In addition, it can also be seen that pentanol can significantly increase the liver of animals while reducing SGPT. The fatty oil part also has this effect.

. If CCl4 is given on that day, pentanol will be given after 4-6 hours. About 16 hours after the third dose of CC14, the animals were decapitated and blood was taken, and SGPT was measured according to the above method. In the rabbit treatment experiment, cee1 was given every 5 days. After SGPT stabilized at a high level (after cee4-5 times), pentanol was given once every 5 days for 6-10 consecutive times (cee1 was still given every 5 days during this period). After the last administration, they fasted for 18-24 hours, and then took blood from ear vein to measure SGPT. In the CCl4 prevention experiment in mice, pentanol was given twice on the 1st day (6-8 hours interval), ccl41 times 24 hours after the last administration, and in the thioamide (TAA) prevention experiment in mice, pentanol was given once a day for 3 consecutive days, and taa1 times 6 hours after the last administration. Each control group was given a considerable amount of 2% Tween-80 by gavage, and blood was taken about 16 hours after CCl4 or TAA, and SGPT was measured. It can be seen from the experimental results that at the dose of 10g/kg, pentanol can significantly reduce the high SGPT caused by CCl4 in rats. For the liver damage caused by CEE in rabbits, pentanol can significantly reduce SGPT at the dose of 2.5g/kg. ; It can prevent the rise of SGPT caused by CCl4. Pentanol had a significant reducing effect on the elevation of SGPT caused by TAA. In the experiment of measuring the liver weight, it was again observed that pentanol could significantly increase the liver.

2.2.3. preventive effects of six components of Schisandra chinensis on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioamide (TAA) poisoning: compare 7-10 mice in each group. In the administration group, Schisandra chinensis components were injected twice on the 1st day or intraperitoneally (6 hours apart). In the afternoon of the next day, all animals (including the control group) were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1%, CCl4 peanut oil solution 10ml/kg once, or TAA aqueous solution 100mg/kg once, and then fasted. After 16 hours, blood was taken by decapitation and SGPT was determined. For morphological observation, small pieces of liver were fixed with Boone's solution or 10% formalin and stained with he. . In addition, the liver weight of alcohol B group was significantly greater than that of the control group, while there was no significant difference between other groups and the control group. . After intraperitoneal injection of each component (50mg/kg), the SGPT lowering effect of ester B was also the strongest, followed by ethyl alcohol, propylene, and ethylene, which was the same as the results of gavage. At a lower dose (12.5mg/kg), B had no obvious effect, but ester B still had obvious effect. Alcohol B and propyl also had enzyme reducing effect, but it was weaker than ester B. SGPT was significantly decreased by gavage of 200mg/kg of a, ester A and alcohol A. when 50mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally, a and ester a were effective, while alcohol a was ineffective. Further studies showed that ethyl ester and ethyl alcohol could significantly reduce the activity of sg-pt in liver tissue, which may be due to the temporary reversible inhibition of this enzyme.

2.2.4. protective effect of pentanol on paracetamol liver toxicity: 15 mice in each group were gavaged with 0.25, 0.50 and 1g/kg of pentanol (equivalent to 2.5, 5 and 10g/kg of crude drug) in the administration group, and the control group was given equal volume of tap water. After 24 hours, the animals in each group were intraperitoneally injected with paracetamol 400mg/kg, and the number of animal deaths within 5 days was recorded. . . It can be inferred from these results that the anti paracetamol hepatotoxicity effect of pentanol may be through the induction of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes, adjusting the pathway of paracetamol metabolism by liver microsomes and reducing the production of toxic metabolites.

2.2.5. protective effect of pentanol on chronic liver injury in rats: rats are Wistar species, weighing 130-200g, and pentanol is the alcohol extract of Schisandra chinensis seed. Pure corn grits were used as feed and 30% ethanol as beverage. In the first 2 weeks, 20% lard and 5% cholesterol were added to the feed. On the first day of the experiment, 0.5ml of 100g body weight was subcutaneously injected with carbon tetrachloride, and then 0.25ml of 100g body weight was subcutaneously injected with 40% carbon tetrachloride oil solution (peanut oil) every three days. At the end of the 8th week, the injection of carbon tetrachloride was stopped, and at the end of the 9th week, the animals were killed alive, and the materials were taken for inspection. The results showed that the weight of animals with chronic liver injury decreased significantly, the liver weight increased, the serum albumin decreased significantly, the r-globulin increased significantly, and the ratio of albumin to globulin decreased significantly; . Pentanol can make the body weight of animals with chronic liver injury rise without obvious changes in liver weight, so that SGPT and ldh5 of animals with liver injury decrease, albumin rises, r-globulin decreases, and albumin ratio rises. Pentanol can significantly reduce the content of collagen in the liver of animals with chronic liver injury, and has no obvious effect on nucleic acids. It shows that the damage of hepatocytes is reduced and the function is improved; In terms of morphology, the pathological changes of chronic injury of hepatocytes are slowed down, and the hydroxyproline content in the liver is reduced, indicating that the collagen content in the liver is reduced and fibrosis is alleviated. Therefore, pentanol has protective effect on chronic liver injury.

2.2.6. effect of Schisandra chinensis on liver fibrosis in rabbits with schistosomiasis: a group of healthy rabbits born in March weighing 1.5-2kg were selected. Blood was collected for serum protein electrophoresis to measure the percentage of gamma globulin. The cercariae released from the cultured positive Oncomelania snails were inoculated with 200 cercariae per rabbit and reared in separate cages. After 56 days, they were grouped according to body weight and serum protein. Starting from the 57th day, each treatment group was treated with 7505 for the purpose of eliminating the etiology and making it easy for the experimenter to observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine on liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis. . Schisandra chinensis was added to the antiviral treatment. The usage of Schisandra chinensis is 2G per 1kg body weight per day. Taking it for 42 days is a course of treatment.

According to different medication, they were divided into three groups. The first group was Schisandra chinensis group, which was actually the anti pathogen treatment plus Schisandra chinensis group; The second group was treated with antiviral therapy without other drugs; It belongs to the antiviral treatment group; . After 56 days of treatment, the animals were killed by air embolism and the liver tissues were examined. The results showed that Schisandra chinensis can reduce the degeneration of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in hepatocytes, and promote the repair of hepatocellular lesions. That is to say, Schisandra powder can significantly reduce the liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis after 42 days of continuous administration, and the liver lobules are clearly outlined and arranged in an actinoid manner, which has a certain effect on the absorption of inflammatory cell infiltration.

2.2.7. induction effect of schisandrin B on microsomal cytochrome P-450 in mouse hepatocytes: Kunming mice weighing 18-22g were used as experimental animals. Schisandrin B was prepared into a suspension with a small amount of Tween-80 and administered by gavage. The excipient was 2% Tween-80 solution. The content of cytochrome P-450 in microsomes of hepatocytes was determined according to Omura method. . At the same time, it also caused the increase of liver weight in mice. After further study, it was found that schisandrin B had significant effects on water, protein RNA、 Glycogen and total lipid content had no obvious effect, but the content of the above components increased significantly in the whole liver. The DNA content in every 1g of liver tissue was slightly lower, but the DNA content in the whole liver had no obvious change. For the regenerating liver of mice with partial liver resection, schisandrin B can significantly increase the content of protein, RNA and DNA and the number of nuclear divisions in the whole liver. In addition, schisandrin B can significantly cause protein in the whole liver. RNA and DNA content and the number of nuclear divisions increased. In addition, schisandrin B can significantly promote the incorporation of 14C phenylalanine into liver proteins, and significantly increase the content of cytochrome P-450 and protein in microsomes of hepatocytes. The above results show that schisandrin B has an inducing effect on drug enzymes and is a drug enzyme inducer. The function of drug enzyme mainly lies in biotransformation. . It plays a key role in the terminal transformation process of exogenous foreign bodies such as steroids and lipid decomposition products and drugs and poisons entering the body, and drug enzyme induction is often accompanied by liver enlargement, which is a phenomenon of coupling. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the mechanism of schisandrin B's anti liver injury and detoxification and the problem of causing liver enlargement may be mainly due to its inducer enzyme effect. In addition, the experiment proved that the drug was given to rats and mice once a day at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight for three consecutive days. The results showed that the A, B, C and ethyl alcohol extracted from Schisandra chinensis could significantly increase the activities of liver microsomal cytochrome P450, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, aminopyrine demethylase and benzopyrene hydroxylase, and microsomal protein was also significantly increased. Electron microscopic observation showed that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of rat hepatocytes treated with the above compounds significantly proliferated, and the biochemical and ultrastructural observation results were consistent, supporting the view that some components contained in Schisandra chinensis can enhance the activity of liver drug metabolizing enzymes and that the biological effect of inducing liver cytochrome P450 is to enhance the detoxification function of the liver.

2.2.8. effect of Schisandra components on phase II enzyme of drug metabolism and estradiol metabolism: exogenous substances such as drugs and endogenous substances such as sex hormones are mostly oxidized, reduced and hydrolyzed by cytochrome P450, a phase I enzyme of drug metabolism in the liver, to produce low toxic or non-toxic metabolites, and then catalyzed by phase II enzymes of drug metabolism such as UDP glucuronosyltransferase (udpg-t) and glutathione-S-transferase (gsh-s-t), respectively.Acid and glutathione combine to form a water-soluble complex, which is excreted with urine or bile, which is an important detoxification process of the body. Schisandrin B and schisandrin phenol can increase the activity of gh-s-t in rat liver cytosol, However, it had no obvious effect on the activity of microsomal udpg-t to metabolize 4-NP. Both clinical and animal practice have proved that Schisandra chinensis can rapidly reduce the abnormally elevated SGPT activity, but there is no consensus on its mechanism of action. ; Reduce the leakage of glutamic pyruvic enzyme from the liver cell membrane; Accelerate the elimination of SGPT; Reduce the necrosis or damage of hepatocytes, directly inhibit the activity of glutamic pyruvase in hepatocytes or inhibit the synthesis of glutamic pyruvase in hepatocytes; Other mechanisms. The first and third possibilities mentioned above have been ruled out, because Schisandra chinensis and some of its components such as B do not directly inactivate the glutamic propylase activity in serum and liver homogenate, nor accelerate the disappearance of exogenous high glutamic propylase activity in serum. All the effective components in Schisandra chinensis that can reduce sg-pt (B, C, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, methyl ester, ethyl ester, propylene ester, butyl ester) can significantly reduce the glutamic propylase activity in the liver of animals, but have no effect on the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (got), lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase. In terms of ester formazan, when liver glutamic pyruvase activity was significantly reduced, other tissues such as heart and kidney had no significant changes in glutamic pyruvase activity. After purification of rat liver glutaminase protein, it was proved by immunoassay that ester a had no obvious effect on the amount of liver glutaminase protein, but the specific activity of glutaminase was significantly reduced. The experiment of 14C leucine incorporation into hepatic glutaminase protein showed that the incorporation rate of amino acids in ester a histone enzyme protein seemed to increase slightly, indicating that ester a did not inhibit the synthesis of hepatic glutaminase. Therefore, it is believed that the mechanism of ester methyl to reduce SGPT is related to the inhibition of enzyme activity in the liver valley. . At the same time, it was observed that liver glutamic pyruvase activity was significantly reduced. It is presumed that Schisandra chinensis may be a reversible inhibitor of liver glutamic pyruvase. However, if the SGPT reduction effect of Schisandra chinensis is secondary to the inhibition of liver glutamic pyruvase activity, it is difficult to explain why the alcohol extract of Schisandra chinensis only has an effect on the SGPT increase caused by some chemical poisons, but has no effect on the SGPT increase induced by prednisolone. Another author believes that the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis's enzyme reduction is due to its protective effect on hepatocytes. It cannot be explained simply by inhibiting liver cell lesions or enhancing their repair, but also by considering the functional effects of Schisandra on liver cell membrane permeability. In conclusion, some studies have been made on the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis to reduce SGPT, but this has not been clearly clarified, and further discussion is needed.

There are also two hypotheses about the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride damage to the liver. Some people believe that carbon tetrachloride is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 (hereinafter referred to as P450) in hepatocytes to produce trichloromethyl (+ CCL3), which can cause the peroxidation of endoplasmic reticulum membrane lipids and the cleavage of phospholipid molecules, resulting in the destruction of membrane structure and function. Others emphasized that trichloromethyl radicals covalently bind to macromolecules such as phospholipids or protein molecules of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (irreversibility), destroying the integrity of the membrane and causing cell necrosis. . . The results showed that B, C, ethyl alcohol, methyl ester and ethyl ester could inhibit the production of MDA to varying degrees, indicating that these compounds could inhibit the lipid peroxidation of microsomes caused by carbon tetrachloride. When the above compounds were not incubated with NADPH votive microparticles in advance, their inhibitory effect on MDA production was not obvious. In order to understand the relationship between the inhibition of carbon tetrachloride induced lipid peroxidation by the effective components of Schisandra chinensis and 450, metyrapone, a specific enzyme inhibitor of P450, was used to inhibit P450 activity, and its effect on the inhibition of MDA production by Schisandra chinensis was observed. . In the covalent binding experiment, the above effective components of Schisandra chinensis, which can inhibit the generation of MDA, can significantly inhibit the covalent binding of 14ccl4 to liver microsomal lipids.

In addition, propyl, ethyl alcohol, methyl ester and ethyl ester can significantly inhibit the generation of carbon monoxide and the consumption of NADPH and oxygen. These compounds can reduce SGPT in carbon tetrachloride poisoning mice. According to these results, some active intermediates of some effective components of Schisandra chinensis are likely to be generated during the incubation with liver microsomes. The active intermediates combine with P450 to form - ligand compounds, thus partially blocking the binding of carbon tetrachloride with P450, making the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride unable to proceed normally, reducing the generation of toxic metabolites (free radicals), thus reducing the damage of hepatocytes accordingly.

3. effects on digestive system: 3.1. the effects of DEOXYSCHIZANDRIN on experimental gastric ulcer and gastric acid secretion were studied in Wistar male rats or hartlye male guinea pigs, which were fasted for 24 hours.

3.1.1. water soaked bundle stress ulcer: take DEOXYSCHIZANDRIN (DS) and give it orally at the doses of 12.5, 50 and 100mg/kg respectively. After 10 minutes, soak the bundle in 23 ℃ water for 7 hours, and measure the ulcer produced in the gastric gland.

3.1.2. pyloric ligation aspirin ulcer: pyloric ligation was performed under ether anesthesia, DS was orally administered with doses of 50 and 100mg/kg or 150mg/kg aspirin immediately after intraduodenal administration, and gastric gland ulcer was measured 7 hours later.

3.1.3 histamine ulcer: rats were orally administered with DS50 and 100mg/kg for 10 minutes, then intraperitoneally injected with 100mg/kg histamine, and the gastric ulcer was measured 4 hours later. Histamine 5mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs after oral administration for 30 minutes, and the same determination was performed 2 hours later.

3.1.4. effect on gastric juice secretion: after pylorus ligation under ether anesthesia, ds12.5, 50, 100mg/kg were injected duodenally or intraperitoneally, and gastric juice volume, acidity, and pepsin activity were measured 4 hours later.

3.1.5. effect on gastric secretion stimulating drugs: carbachol (20 μ g/kg, intramuscular injection), histamine (10mg/kg, intramuscular injection), tetragastrin (500 μ g/kg, intramuscular injection) and deoxyglucose (200mg/kg, intravenous injection) were selected as gastric acid secretion stimulating drugs. DS was administered in the duodenum 30 minutes before the administration of stimulants. The acidity was determined by perfusion with 10ml normal saline every other hour. The results showed that DS had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on gastric ulcer, gastric juice secretion and acidity. It has little effect on pepsin activity. It has an inhibitory effect on histamine in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion by tetragastrin, but has no significant change on the stimulation of carbachol and deoxyglucose. Therefore, it is proved that DS has significant anti ulcer effect, which is based on the inhibitory effect of gastric acid secretion, which is the mechanism of Schisandra chinensis in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

3.2 it is also reported that the dose of gomisin a by gavage in rats is about 1/8 of the median lethal dose, and the inhibition rate of stress ulcer is about 50%; Intravenous injection of gomisin a has inhibitory effect on gastric contraction in rats, as does schisandrin, and also has cholagogic effect and gastric secretion inhibition. In terms of inhibiting gastric ulcer, schisandrin has a stronger effect than gomisin A. oral administration of deoxyschisandrin 100mg/kg in rats has the effect of anti stress gastric ulcer. Deoxyschisandrin, lactose and magnesium stearate can be mixed in a certain proportion to produce an anti ulcer drug for the digestive tract. . Rats were orally administered with 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg dehydrated schisandrin, and the ulcer index was 14.6 ± 1.2 or 10.9 ± 1.3 in the water immersion stress test, while the ulcer index of the control group was 17.9 ± 1.0).

4. effects on cardiovascular system: 4.1. effects of Schisandra components on isolated canine mesenteric artery contraction: mochuanshou et al studied the effects of lignans extracted from Schisandra on isolated canine mesenteric artery contraction caused by PGF2a and CaCl2, such as gomisin a, B, D, G, h, schisandrin, schisandrin C, and pre gomisin. The results showed that these lignans had a alleviating effect on the contraction caused by PGF2a and an inhibitory effect on the contraction caused by CaCl2. . In addition, makigawa and others also studied the synthetic gomisin J sodium salt. Gomisin J sodium salt has an inhibitory effect on the contraction caused by norepinephrine in isolated mesenteric arteries of dogs (ID50 = 131.8 ± 0.11 × 10 (-6) mol/l), a alleviating effect on the contraction caused by PGF2a (50% effective amount = 9.72 ± 0.36 × 10 (-6) mol/l), and an inhibitory effect on the contraction caused by CaCl2 (id50=6.96 ± 0.16 × 10 (-6) mol/l). Gomisin J sodium salt can not only increase coronary blood flow in isolated hearts of intestinal rats, but also increase coronary blood flow in anesthetized dogs. In vitro test showed that gomisin h, J, N and g had the function of inhibiting the contraction of dog mesenteric artery caused by Ca2 +, with IC values of 5.3 × 10 (-4), 1.2 × 10 (-5), 1.1 × 10 (-4) and 1.0 × 10 (-4), respectively. Moreover, these four Schisandra lignans also had the effect of inhibiting the contraction of dog mesenteric artery caused by PGF2a.

. Rabbits were randomly divided into adult administration group (Schisandra chinensis group) and adult control group, and young animals were used as the comparison group (young group). All animals were housed in separate cages. Schisandra chinensis group was fed with Schisandra chinensis powder according to 1g/kg body weight daily with food. After 30 days of administration, the animals in each group were killed by injecting air into the vein along the ear at the same time, and immediately dissected. The heart, liver, kidney and other organs were quickly removed for cryostat sectioning. All sections were stained in the same vat for relevant enzyme histochemistry, namely adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATP, magnesium method for short), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, naphthol as phosphate method), 5'nucleotidase (5'N, lead magnesium method), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, coupling method), monoamine oxidase (Mao, tetrazolium salt method), acid a-naphthol lipase (ANAE, hexaazo red method), glucose-6-phosphatase (g-6-p, lead method). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, tetrazolium salt method), and some tissues were fixed with 10% neutral formaldehyde and dehydrated for paraffin embedded tissue sections. In addition to HE staining, methyl green pyronin staining was also performed to observe the changes of RNA. The above sections were stained under the microscope, and the changes of enzyme activities in the heart and blood camp tissues of animals in each group were compared. The results showed that Schisandra chinensis can improve the effect of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in myocardial cells of animals of the same age, and can improve the activities of ATP, 5'and ALP membrane enzymes in myocardial cells, cardiac arterioles and renal arterioles: in myocardial cells, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in mitochondria, Ana marker enzyme in lysosomes, g-6-p enzyme in endoplasmic reticulum, etc., the enzyme activities of nearly half of animals in Schisandra chinensis group were increased to varying degrees. It shows that Schisandra chinensis can strengthen and regulate the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes, heart and kidney arterioles, and improve the nutrition and function of myocardium.

5. effects on respiratory system: 5.1. it is reported that Schisandra decoction has respiratory excitatory effect on normal rabbits and most of them by intravenous injection, deepening and accelerating absorption, and can resist the respiratory depression of morphine. Tincture also has the same effect. While breathing excited, blood pressure also decreased significantly. . Therefore, it is believed that its respiratory excitation is the result of direct excitation to the respiratory center.

5.2. effect of Schisandra chinensis on ammonia induced cough in mice: take 18-22g of mice, both male and female, and smoke the mice with 25-28%/ ammonia 0.2ml/ time on the boiling water bath for 30 seconds; The mice were taken out to observe the number of coughs within 3mm, and those with more than 3 coughs were selected. Then they were randomly divided into groups. After intragastric administration for 1 hour, the mice were stimulated in the same way, and the number of coughs within 3mm was recorded. The significant difference in the mean number between the administration group and the control group was determined by T value. The results showed that Schisandra chinensis could significantly reduce the number of coughs caused by ammonia stimulation in mice (0.05 > P > 0.001).

5.3. effect of Schisandra chinensis on phenol red excretion in mice: 20-25g white mice, both male and female, were selected and divided into the administration group and the control group. The administration group was gavaged with 5g / kg Schisandra chinensis preparation, the ammonium chloride group was gavaged with 1g / kg, and the control group was given the corresponding volume of distilled water. After 30 minutes of administration, 0.6% phenol red solution was injected intraperitoneally. 10ml/kg， Thirty minutes later, the mice were sacrificed, and the trachea was immediately dissected out. 2ml of 5% sodium carbonate solution was used to wash the trachea three times. The three times of washing solution was collected in the test tube and compared with the standard tube. The significance was measured by T value. Results Schisandra chinensis can increase the phenol red output (0.05 > P > 0.001), suggesting that Schisandra chinensis has expectorant effect.

6. effect on immune system function: 6.1. effect of Schisandra chinensis oil emulsion on thymidine incorporation into lymphocyte DNA: the method of Pellegrino et al was used in the experiment with slight modifications. The results showed that Schisandra oil emulsion could significantly promote the incorporation of 3H TDR into DNA synthesis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, which was consistent with the results reported clinically. Schisandra chinensis oil emulsion showed an obvious concentration effect on 3H TDR incorporation into lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and the 10mg dose group increased the incorporation most significantly after 72 hours. The effect of Schisandra oil emulsion on human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different times has an effect on 3H RDR incorporation into lymphocyte DNA synthesis. . When the duration of action was extended to 48 hours and 72 hours, the incorporation of 3H TDR into lymphocyte DNA synthesis increased in the three doses of the administration group. It is worth noting that both the LMG dose group and the 2mg dose group of Schisandra oil emulsion had a greater impact on the stimulation index after 48 hours of action, and the stimulation index decreased with the extension of action time. However, in the 10mg dose group, there was no significant increase in the stimulation of the fingertip after 48 hours of action, which can provide a certain experimental basis for the clinical formulation of a reasonable dosing plan.

6.2 observation of Schisandra chinensis on histochemical changes of adrenal gland and spleen in rabbits: 20 healthy adult (30-36 months old) rabbits and 7 young (2-3 days old) rabbits, both male and female. The animals were randomly divided into adult administration group (hereinafter referred to as Schisandra chinensis group) and adult control group, and the young animals were used as the comparison group (hereinafter referred to as the young group). All animals were housed in separate cages. Schisandra chinensis group was fed with Schisandra chinensis powder according to 1g/kg body weight / day combined with food. After 30 days of administration, the animals in each group were killed by injecting air into the ear vein at the same time, and immediately dissected. The adrenal glands and spleens were quickly removed for cryostat sectioning. . According to the changes of enzyme activity, the activity of g-6-p enzyme in adrenal cortex and medulla of Schisandra chinensis group was higher than that of the control group, and some animals in the young group also increased. G-6-p enzyme is an important enzyme in glucose metabolism. It specifically catalyzes the decomposition reaction of glucose-6-phosphate and glucosamine-6-phosphate. Therefore, g-6-p enzyme regulates the glucose level inside and outside the cell. . RNA is an important component of nucleic acids, which plays an important role in protein synthesis. Compared with the control group, the RNA in adrenal cortex and medulla cells of Schisandra chinensis group in this experiment increased significantly in most animals, indicating that Schisandra chinensis has the function of enhancing protein synthesis by cells. Other cytosolic membrane enzymes (5'N, ALH) bacterial lysosomal marker enzyme (ANAE) in adrenal cortex and medulla and Schisandra chinensis group animals also increased to varying degrees, which may play a certain role in the exchange, regulation and metabolism of steroids and other substances.

In addition, Schisandra chinensis group not only increased the number of small lymphocytes around the splenic artery sheath of animals compared with the control group, indicating that Schisandra chinensis has the function of enhancing cellular immunity, but also widened the peripheral band of splenic B region, increased the number of B lymphocytes and increased the RNA in B lymphocytes of most animals, and was close to that of the low-age group in the expression of 5'N and ANAE enzymes in B lymphocytes. Schisandra chinensis in plasma cells and macrophages also increased in varying degrees compared with the control group, indicating that Schisandra chinensis also has the effect of enhancing humoral immunity. The effects of Schisandra chinensis on diploid cell morphology, growth rate, phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro were studied by cell culture and phagocytic function observation of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The results revealed that the effect of Schisandra chinensis on diploid cells was not significantly different from that of the control group, and it had a reducing effect on macrophage phagocytosis.

7. anti aging effect: 7.1. effect of Schisandra chinensis on the histochemistry of enzymes in the urogenital system of rabbits and observation of its anti-aging effect a total of 20 healthy rabbits aged 30-36 months, half male and half female, were randomly divided into the administration group and the control group. At the same time, 7 healthy rabbits aged 2-3 months (referred to as the low age group) (3 males and 4 females) and 5 control animals were used for comparison of different age groups. The administration group (hereinafter referred to as Schisandra chinensis group) was fed with beiwuwei powder at 1g/kg daily for 30 consecutive days. . The tissue sections of animals in each group were stained with enzyme histochemistry in the same VAT, and the changes of RNA and glycogen of animals in each group were observed simultaneously under the microscope. The male and female animals in each group were compared with those in the control group. The results showed that compared with the same age control group, the animals treated with Schisandra chinensis had significantly increased RNA and PAS, increased activities of cytosolic membrane enzyme 5'N and ATPase, and low activities of lysosomal marker enzyme ANAE. It is suggested that Schisandra chinensis can strengthen the synthesis of RNA and PAS in testis and ovary, improve the metabolic function of tissue cells, promote the proliferation of germ cells and promote ovarian ovulation.

7.2. effect of Schisandra chinensis water extract on aging indicators of aged mice: the animals were Kunming aged mice (24 months old), weighing 55-60g, both male and female. The animals in each group were sacrificed after giving water extract, and the serum total cholesterol, brain and liver protein content, SOD and MAO-B activities were measured respectively. The experiment showed that the water extract of Schisandra chinensis (4g/kg) could significantly reduce the serum cholesterol of aged mice (24 months old), indicating that Schisandra chinensis can be used to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis.

Fouler et al found that MAO-B activity in the human brain increases with age, reducing the production of monoamine transmitters in the brain, resulting in the degradation of some physiological functions and behavioral changes leading to aging. The experimental results showed that Schisandra chinensis water extract could significantly inhibit the activity of MAO-B in brain and liver of aged mice, and the inhibitory effect on brain MAO-B (45% - 65%) was stronger than that on liver MAO-B (35% - 50%). It is suggested that Schisandra chinensis can delay the aging process by inhibiting brain MAO-B to treat some aging related diseases.

The freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were cultured in vitro, and the free radical producing feso4/ cysteine system and CCl4 were used to induce lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte membrane. Schisandrin B has protective effect on lipid peroxidation damage of hepatocyte membrane caused by these two different free radical production systems, which reduces the production of malondialdehyde and the release of LDH and GPT enzymes in hepatocytes, improves the survival rate of hepatocytes, and protects the morphology of cell membrane completely, indicating that schisandrin B has antioxidant effect.

8. anti allergic effect: gomisina, a component of Schisandra chinensis, has obvious inhibitory effect on the allogenic passive allergic skin reaction (PCA) of mice, as shown by the experimental allergic skin reaction in mice and the antigen induced contraction of tracheal muscle in guinea pigs..............................................the experiment of gomisi. In addition, it can inhibit rat anti cutaneous anaphylaxis (RCA), rat passive Arthur reaction and mouse contact dermatitis induced by picryl chloride (PC). The dose of inhibiting RCA is lower than that of inhibiting other skin reactions. Gomisina can also inhibit tracheal muscle contraction induced by guinea pig antigen. It also inhibited tracheal muscle contraction induced by histamine, leukotriene D4 and (LTD4) CaCl2, and guinea pig tracheal muscle contraction induced by histamine, leukotriene D4 and (LTD4) CaCl2. The inhibitory effect on the contraction of guinea pig colonic band induced by high potassium has a dose effect relationship. The antiallergic mechanism is related to inhibition of histamine release, resistance to chemomodulatory mediators, and inhibition of calcium movement.

9. other effects: 70% Schisandra extract and other preparations can induce spontaneous contraction in rabbit in vivo and in vitro nonpregnant uterus, pregnant uterus and postpartum uterus, but the effect on tension is not obvious and does not cause contracture. The nature of action is similar to oxytocin, but different from ergot. In addition, Schisandra chinensis can adapt to the original, enhance the body's defense against non-specific stimuli and significantly prolong the swimming exhaustion time of mice (P < 0.05-0.01). Schisandra Chinensis Ethanol Extract has inhibitory effect on Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus typhi in vitro.