Acanthopanax senticosus bark
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Acanthopanax senticosus       This product is the dried root bark of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. w. smith., a plant of Acanthopanax family. The roots were dug in summer and autumn, washed, peeled and dried.
      [properties] this product is in irregular roll shape, 5-15cm long, 0.4-1.4cm in diameter, and about 0.2cm thick. Its outer surface is grayish brown, with slightly twisted longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticel like spots; The inner surface is light yellow or grayish yellow, with fine longitudinal lines. It is light, brittle, easy to break, with irregular section and gray white. The smell is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly spicy and bitter.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer is a series of cells. The inner layer of the thrombus is narrow, and a few secretory ducts are scattered. The phloem is broad with cracks on the outside, and the rays are 1-5 rows wide; There are many secretory tracts with 4-11 secretory cells around. Parenchyma cells contained calcium oxalate clusters and fine starch granules.
      The powder is off white. The diameter of calcium oxalate cluster crystals is 8-64 μ m, sometimes with crystal cells connected, and the cluster crystals are arranged in rows. ; The cork cells of the old root bark sometimes have uneven thickening of the wall and a few pits. Secretory tract fragments contain colorless or yellowish secretions. There are many starch grains, single polygonal or spherical, with a diameter of 2-8 μ M; The compound granule is composed of 2 to dozens of granules.
      (2) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 10ml of dichloromethane, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of dichloromethane to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 0.2g of Acanthopanax senticosus cortex reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take isokaurenic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - acetone isopropanol formic acid (12:2:0.5:0.1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots develop clearly, and inspect them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm), respectively. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear in the sunlight at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample; Fluorescent spots of the same color appear under the UV lamp.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 11.5% (general rule 2302),
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 3.5% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 10.5%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, moisten, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
      . The outer surface is grayish brown, with slightly twisted longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticel like spots; The inner surface is light yellow or grayish yellow, with fine longitudinal lines, and the cut surface is irregular, grayish white. The smell is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly spicy and bitter.
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 11.0%,
      [identification] (except the cross-sectional surface) [inspection] (total ash acid insoluble ash) [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, bitter and warm. Return to liver and kidney channels.
      [functions and indications] dispel wind and dampness, tonify liver and kidney, strengthen tendons and bones, promote water and reduce swelling. It is used for rheumatism, flaccidity of muscles and bones, delayed travel of children, asthenia, edema, beriberi.
      .
      [storage] put it in a dry place to prevent mold and moth.
 

2、 Chemical constituents of cortex Acanthopanax senticosus
Acanthopanax gracilis root bark containsSyringin（syringin)， Eleutheroside B1, namely isofraxidin - α - D-glucoside, sesamin, 16 α - hydroxy - (-) - kauran-19-oic acid [2],β - sitosterolβ -sitosterol, β -sitosterolglucoside, stearic acid [1][1],palmitic acid（palmiticacid)， Linolenicacid and vitamins A, B1, etc. [3]. It also contains volatile stains, containing 4-methylsalicylaldehyde and other components [3].

Sessile acanthopanax root and root bark contain levorotatorySesamin、Levosavinin（savinin)[4]， It also contains acanthoside a, B, C, D, K2, k3[5-7], of which the structure of glycoside A and glycoside C is not clear. Glycoside B and glycoside D are monoglucoside and diglucoside of syringaresinol, respectively, which belong to lignans, while glycoside K2 and glycoside K3 belong to triterpenoids. Also containsβ - sitosterol，Carotene(daucosterin (i.e., β - sitosterol glucoside,Stigmasterol（stig-masterol)， Campesterol [7, 8], water soluble polysaccharides and basic polysaccharides [9], cardiac glycosides and trace volatile oils [10].

3、 Pharmacological effects of cortex Acanthopanax senticosus
1、 Acanthopanax senticosus pharmacological effects:
1. effect on the central nervous system: Acanthopanax senticosus has an effect on both the excitation and inhibition processes of the central nervous system. A single administration shows the stimulatory effect of the central nervous system, while a continuous administration shows a strong effect. Acanthopanax senticosus not only improves the excitation process, but also strengthens the inhibition process, so that the inhibition tends to concentrate, makes the differentiation more complete, and increases the internal inhibition process of cerebral cortex. Its excitatory mechanism is different from that of amphetamine compounds. It not only has low toxicity, but also does not disturb normal sleep. The excitation or inhibition of Acanthopanax Senticosus on the nervous system is quite related to the functional state of the nervous system and the dose when it is used.

1.1. excitatory effect: the electroencephalogram of rabbits shows that the extract of Acanthopanax senticosus can weaken the inhibitory effect of chloral hydrate, barbital and chlorpromazine, and has ginseng like obvious excitatory effect on the central nervous system. Acanthopanax senticosus extract can also shorten the process of ether anesthesia and improve the excitability after the end of ether or chloral hydrate anesthesia.

. It can prolong the anesthesia time of hexenal and reduce the excitability after hexenal anesthesia.

1.3. anticonvulsant effect: in some experiments, injecting saturated sodium chloride for fixation a few minutes before the animal dies will improve the degree of extensor contracture; If Acanthopanax senticosus was given 1 hour before the animals were fixed, the spasticity of poisoned mice was significantly reduced.

2. anti fatigue effect: the extract and glycosides of the root of Acanthopanax senticosus have anti fatigue effect. The effect of ginsenoside is stronger than that of phase extract, and stronger than that of ginseng extract and ginsenoside. Intraperitoneal injection of aqueous solution of Acanthopanax senticosus alcohol extract 20g/kg prolonged the swimming time of mice by an average of 1 / 4. Both 500mg/kg of Acanthopanax senticosus stem bark aqueous extract and 50mg/kg of syringin phenol di-o-b-d-glucoside could significantly prolong the load swimming time of rats. . Acanthopanax senticosus leaves also showed similar changes (sua33: compared with control animals, 33% of the dose for delaying failure was 1 sua33). The extracts from the roots and leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus could increase the activity energy of rats by 25% and 70%, respectively.

3. anticancer effect: the extract and total glycosides of Acanthopanax senticosus root have certain inhibitory effects on experimental transplanted tumors, drug-induced tumors, cancer metastasis and spontaneous leukemia in mice, and can also reduce the toxicity of anticancer drugs. . Acanthopanax senticosus extract can reduce the positive rate of transplanted Ehrlich ascites cancer in mice and reduce the focus of cancer, and improve the effect of thiotepa on transplanted and developed Ehrlich ascites cancer. It can not change the positive rate of transplantation in rats inoculated with Wacker ascites sarcoma, but can narrow the lesions on the lung. It can reduce the transplant positive rate of mice inoculated with lid-1 and other cancers, inhibit lung adenoma caused by urethane, reduce thyroid cancer caused by 6-mtu and myeloid leukemia caused by indole in mice. Reduce the formation process of spontaneous breast cancer and spontaneous leukemia in mice. The survival time and survival rate of mice treated with cyclophosphamide and acanthopanax senticosus extract can be improved. However, acanthopanax senticosus had no effect on the toxicity and anticancer effect of cyclophosphamide when it was administered simultaneously with cyclophosphamide to mice inoculated with sarcoma 180. Acanthopanax senticosus can also inhibit the spread of mouse SSK sarcoma and rat Wacker tumor. Reduce the hematogenous diffusion effect of hydrocortisone in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites cancer. It can reduce the sensitivity of rat wacker's tumor and mouse sarcoma 180 to the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide and ethyl barbital. It can increase the median lethal dose of methylethyl barbital from 30mg/kg to 46mg/kg in mice with leukemia, and reduce the chronic poisoning symptoms caused by ethyl barbital and cyclophosphamide in experimental animals, such as the weight of the animal, the weight of thymus and adrenal gland, and the number of white blood cells and eosinophils.

4. the role of adapting to the original: 4.1. Acanthopanax senticosus can increase the body's non-specific resistance. Acanthopanax senticosus can increase the body's resistance to various harmful stimuli, such as physical (cold, burning, overweight or weightlessness, excessive exercise or forced immobility, centrifugation and radiation), chemical (various chemical substances), and biological adverse effects. Acanthopanax senticosus can increase the ability of animals to resist radiation. It has anti radiation effect on one acute X-ray irradiation or multiple chronic irradiation. For long-term irradiation (total dose 1620-7000r), acanthopanax senticosus can prolong the life of rats twice and improve the blood phase. Using with antibiotics can prolong the life of rats irradiated for 60 days (total dose 3000r) by three times. It can protect red blood cells from radiation-like substances and can be used as a preventive and therapeutic drug for radiation injury. . Acanthopanax senticosus can antagonize the immune inhibitory effect of apocynin C. It has special antiviral immunity to tick borne encephalitis. Acanthopanax senticosus can also reduce the number of deaths caused by the injection of digitoxin into frogs, and improve the detoxification ability of the body to Trimethylphenol phosphate and strychnine. Acanthopanax senticosus extract can increase the defense ability of capillaries under low pressure, and reduce the incidence of human body due to cold and the content of hemoglobin in blood. The alcohol extract, volatile oil and total flavonoids of Acanthopanax senticosus have anti hypoxia effect. Taking a small amount of Acanthopanax senticosus root extract has a good effect on the metabolic process and labor ability of the main system of high-temperature workers, while increasing the dose will increase the body temperature, sweat output, vital capacity and carbon dioxide exhalation, increase the oxygen consumption, and the glucocorticoid and androgen of adrenal cortex can be relatively and absolutely increased. . Taking Acanthopanax senticosus extract 1ml/kg every day can increase the laying rate of hens by 2.2 times.

4.2 Acanthopanax senticosus can regulate the pathological process, normalize it, and restore the increase and decrease of red blood cells and white blood cells caused by chemical and biological factors. Acanthopanax senticosus can restore the increase of red blood cells caused by cobalt nitrate and the decrease of red blood cells caused by phenylhydrazine. In the anesthetized cat experiment, acanthopanax senticosus made the reduced blood pressure return to normal soon. Acanthopanax senticosus glycosides have antihypertensive effect. Acanthopanax senticosus can regulate endocrine dysfunction. . It can prevent thyroid hypertrophy caused by thyroxine and thyroid atrophy caused by methylthiouracil. It can not only reduce the blood glucose of food and adrenal hyperglycemia to normal, but also increase the blood glucose of insulin induced hypoglycemia. It can reduce the amount of urine glucose in rats with diabetes caused by alloxan and prevent the weight loss of rats, and has an inhibitory effect on the development of diabetes. It can prevent the corresponding changes in endocrine weight, but does not affect their catabolic effects. Acanthopanax senticosus can change the pathological process of the body in the alert period of stress response, prevent adrenal hyperplasia in this process, reduce the content of cholesterol, shrink the thymus and reduce gastric bleeding. Acanthopanax senticosus e had the strongest anti vigilance effect, acanthopanax senticosus B1 was weak, and acanthopanax senticosus C had no effect. . Acanthopanax senticosus can prevent the adrenal gland from shrinking, reduce cholesterol, and relatively reduce the weight of thymus, spleen, liver, kidney, and heart during the exhaustion period of stress response.

5. anti aging effect: Acanthopanax senticosus fed 22 month old rats for 2 months, the erythrocyte lipid peroxide decreased by 17.75, Na +, and K + - ATPase activity increased by 17.42%, suggesting a certain anti-aging effect.

6. effect on cardiovascular system: subcutaneous or intravenous injection of Acanthopanax senticosus extract in anesthetized cats can expand cerebral blood vessels and improve blood supply to the brain. . In addition, after the acute anemia caused by ligation of carotid artery or cerebral artery in dogs, the drug (1mg/ (kg. day), subcutaneously), for 2 weeks, can alleviate the anemia, reduced blood pressure and hemoglobin, red blood cell number caused by the above reasons, as well as improve the accompanying disease and the electrocardiogram of compensatory local anemia. The ethanol extract of Acanthopanax senticosus and its basal leaves has a strong inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Acanthopanax senticosus extract also has antiarrhythmic effect, increasing the normal sinus rhythm time and significantly reducing the abnormal action potential. Acanthopanax senticosus extract can attenuate myocardial ischemic tissue damage in rabbits, promote the regeneration of surface cells and the recovery of myocardial infarction area.

7. antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: Acanthopanax senticosus can reduce the heat-induced inflammatory edema in summer, autumn and winter in mice with adrenalectomy, and has a slight anti-inflammatory effect in spring. For adrenalectomized rats, it can prevent the development of formaldehyde induced joint inflammation in winter and spring. It can alleviate the inflammation caused by normal saline and 15% protein solution. After the injection of Acanthopanax senticosus extract into mice and rabbits infected with Listeria, the resistance of animals to infection was reduced in the first hour, and then the resistance to infection was significantly increased. Therefore, it is believed that it has the ability to improve the intestinal bacilli of the body.

8. effect on endocrine system: Taking Acanthopanax senticosus to rats after resting and swimming for 15 minutes did not significantly increase the content of epinephrine and cortisone hormones in blood. However, after 5 hours of swimming, the content of cortisone increased significantly. It has been reported that there is no obvious change in the internal tissue of adrenal gland after administration, but it has a direct and significant effect on the chromaffin tissue of adrenal gland. Both Acanthopanax senticosus root extract and acanthopanax senticosus glycosides have gonadotropic effects. Male pups taking root extract and total glycosides isolated from leaves or Acanthopanax senticosus glycosides B, B1 and e increased body weight, seminal vesicle and prostate weight and RNA content. Glycosides can prevent the atrophy of seminal vesicles and prostate in castrated male animals, have obvious estrogen promoting effects on female mice, and promote precocious puberty and weight gain in mice. After taking Acanthopanax senticosus extract, the egg production of hens can be increased by 20.4%, the weight of eggs can be increased by 24%, and the total nitrogen and protein in fallopian tubes can be increased. The chicks hatched from the hens' eggs improve the metabolism of nitrogen and protein. . It can prevent hair loss, perioral necrosis and pathological changes of liver and heart caused by oxidized fat, but vitamin E rarely has this effect.

. Acanthopanax senticosus (50g/kg) has a protective effect on leukopenia caused by subcutaneous injection of cyclophosphamide, and also has a significant preventive effect on leukopenia caused by benzene in mice and rabbits. Intraperitoneal injection of Acanthopanax senticosus injection can inhibit cyclophosphamide induced leukopenia. Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide has a good effect on the functional reconstruction of B cells, and can reduce the leucopenia caused by cyclophosphamide, significantly enhance the hemolytic plaque test of mouse spleen secreting IgM and IgG, and the delayed type hypersensitivity induced by bovine serum protein in mice. Acanthopanax senticosus can enhance the phagocytic capacity of reticuloendothelial system and peritoneal macrophages, and increase the percentage of rosettes by 1.2-1.8 times. Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide can significantly increase the activity of CTL killing target cells, and promote the secretion of interleukin-210 by ConA stimulated mouse splenocytes. Other effects: Acanthopanax senticosus can increase the plasma concentration of human eosinophils, a-globulin, the number of red blood cells and blood alkali reserves. .

2、 Pharmacological effects of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus:
1. anti inflammatory effect: the root bark of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus produced in Liaoning Province, the non degreased preparation and degreased preparation extracted with ethanol showed inhibitory effect on egg white and formaldehyde arthritis in rats. Subcutaneous injection of 0.75g/kg/ day of non degreased preparation for 5 consecutive days inhibited egg white swelling, which was similar to the inhibitory effect of 7.5mg/kg/ day of cortisone intramuscularly injected for 5 consecutive days. The non defatted preparations were injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into adrenalectomized rats, respectively, and had no inhibitory effect on egg white swelling. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effect of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus is closely related to the adrenal gland. In addition, acanthopanax sessiliflorus can also reduce the vascular permeability of rabbits.

2. analgesic and antipyretic effects: mice injected intraperitoneally with the above two preparations showed analgesic effects, which were mild compared with morphine, but had no antipyretic effect in rabbit experiments.

. Both preparations could decrease the blood pressure of anesthetized rabbits.

4. other effects: the two preparations have excitatory effects on the isolated intestine and uterus of rabbits, and the pregnant uterus is more sensitive. It has a mild activating effect on the EEG of normal rabbits. If the activity of mice is taken as an indicator, the excitatory effect of Acanthopanax senticosus is 40-140 times stronger than that of its flow extract. It can weaken the inhibitory effect of chloral hydrate, barbital and chlorpromazine, and enhance the internal inhibitory process of cerebral cortex; ; In a word, the dose of enhancing the non-specific resistance of the body does not cause significant changes in normal function. However, it can increase the efficiency of physical or intellectual work when the body's resistance decreases or there are special needs in case of additional burden. Unlike amphetamines, they are not only less toxic, but also do not cause excitement and disturb normal sleep. The principle of action of the adaptogen may be related to changing the process of general stress response. Acanthopanax senticosus can prevent the anatomical and biochemical changes unique to the alert period of stress response, such as adrenal hyperplasia, cholesterol content reduction, thymus shrinkage and gastric bleeding. The anti vigilance effect of Eleutheroside E is the strongest, while Eleutheroside B1 is weak, while Eleutheroside C has little effect, so the effect is related to a certain chemical structure. Acanthopanax senticosus can also prevent the weight reduction of adrenal gland, thymus, spleen, liver and kidney in animals during the stress response failure period. These animal experiments show that the role of adaptogens is different from the stress response, and its role is entirely in the direction of being beneficial to the body. The stress response is a non-specific response, and the body has many organs and systems involved; . The principle of action of the aptamer is being further studied, and some experiments have proved that it has some effects on cells and the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. For example, acanthopanax senticosus can stimulate the growth and reproduction of some protozoa, bacteria and yeast cells, protect red blood cells from radiation-like substances, and it also has the effect of antioxidants, stimulating the formation of immune bodies, etc; Under certain conditions, it has hypoglycemic effect on rats.