Dried ginger
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of dried ginger       This product is the dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale rose. Excavate in winter, remove fibrous roots and sediment, and dry in the sun or at low temperature. Those who dry fresh slices in the sun or at low temperature are called "dried ginger slices".
      [character] dried ginger is flat and massive, with finger like branches, 3-7cm long and 1-2cm thick. Its surface is grayish yellow or light grayish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious links. There are often scaly leaves remaining at the branches, and there are stem marks or buds at the top of the branches. . It is fragrant, special and spicy.
      Dried ginger tablets are irregular longitudinal or oblique slices with finger like branches, 1-6cm long, 1-2cm wide and 0.2-0.4cm thick. The outer skin is grayish yellow or light yellowish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious links. The cut surface is grayish yellow or grayish white, slightly powdery, and more longitudinal fibers can be seen, some of which are hairy. The texture is solid and the section is fibrous. It is fragrant, special and spicy.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish brown. The starch granules are numerous, long oval, triangular oval, oval, quasi round or irregular, with a diameter of 5-40 μ M. the umbilicus is punctate, located at the smaller end, and there are also cracks, with obvious laminar lines. Oil cells and resin cells are scattered in parenchyma, containing yellowish oil droplets or dark reddish brown substances. The fibers are bundled or scattered, with blunt tips at the apex, a few bifurcations, some of which are wavy or serrated on one side, with a diameter of 15 ～ 40 μ m, slightly thick walls, non lignified, with oblique fine striated pores, and thin transverse septa are often seen. Ladder shaped conduit, threaded conduit and reticulated conduit are common, and a few are ring shaped conduits with a diameter of 15-70 μ M. Tubular cells containing dark reddish brown substances with a diameter of 12-20 μ M can sometimes be seen near the ducts or fibers.
      (2) Take LG of the product powder, add 20ml of ethyl acetate, sonicate for 10 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Another dried ginger control medicinal material LG was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 6 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - trichloromethane ethyl acetate (2:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray vanillin sulfuric acid test solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 19.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] determined by the hot leaching method under the determination of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 22.0%.
      [content determination] take an appropriate amount of the coarsest powder of the product, add 700ml of water, and determine according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
      The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 0.8% (ml/g).
      6-gingerol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile methanol water (40:5:55); The detection wavelength was 280nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the 6-gingerol peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of 6-gingerol reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.25g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 20ml of 75% methanol precisely, weigh, sonicate (power 100W, frequency 40KHz) for 40 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with 75% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of 6-gingerol (c17h26o4) in this product shall not be less than 0.60% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] dry ginger is used to remove impurities, soak slightly, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces or pieces, and dry.
      This product is in irregular patches, 0.2 ~ 0.4cm thick.
      [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Take dried ginger cubes with ginger charcoal and stir fry them according to the method of stir frying charcoal (general rule 0213) until the surface is black and the interior is brown.
      This product is shaped like dried ginger slices, with a scorched black surface and a tan interior. It is light and crunchy. The taste is slightly bitter and spicy.
      . In addition, take 6-gingerol reference substance and gingerone reference substance, add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml respectively as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), pipette 6 μ l of the test solution and 6-gingerol reference solution, 4 μ l of the gingerone reference solution, respectively, onto the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, with petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - trichloromethane ethyl acetate (2:1:1) as the developing agent, unfold, take out, air dry, spray vanillin sulfuric acid test solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      .
      [content determination] the content of 6-gingerol (c17h26o4) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 0.050%.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, hot. Return to spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians.
      . It is used for cold pain in the epigastrium, vomiting and diarrhea, cold pulse in the limbs, cold drink, asthma and cough.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths.
      [preparation] Jiangliu extract.

2、
Dried ginger oil contains volatile components: α -zingiberene,geraniolGeraniol, β -bisabolene, nerol,1,8-cineole(1,8-cineole)，α - terpineol(α-terpineol)，Borneol（Borneol), β -phellandrene,Linalool(linalool)， There are more than 70 kinds of compounds, such as methylnonylketone, camphene, limonene, sesquiphellandrene, α - curcumene and menthylacetate; Spicy ingredients: 6-gingerdione,6-gingerone(6-shogaol)， 8-gingerone, 5-deoxy-6-gingerol, 6-gingediol, 6-gingediol-5-acetate, 6-gingediol-3-acetate, 6-gingedietate and 6-methylgingediacetate, etc; Diarylheptanes: gingerenong a, B, C isogingerenoneb, hexahydrocurcumin, meso-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis - (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - heptane [3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane], 3,5-diacetoxy-1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl) - heptane [3, 5-diacetoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-eimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-heptane],(3S,5S)- Dihydroxy-1 - (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - heptane [(3S, 5S) -dihydroxy-1- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane], (3S, 5S) - 3,5-dihydroxy-1, 7-Bis - (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - heptane [(3S, 5S) -3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane], 5-hydroxy-7- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - 3-heptanone [5-hydroxy-7- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - 3-heptanone], 3, 5-diacetoxy-7 - (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - heptane [3,5-diacetoxy-7- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane], 5-hydroxy-1- (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -7- (4) - hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl β - 3-heptanone [5-hydroxy-1- (4-hydroxy3,5-methoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - 3-heptanone], 5-hydroxy-7 - (4-hydroxy-3, (3S，5S)-3, 5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis - (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) - heptane [(3S, 5S) - 3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -heptane] and 7- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - 4-hepten-3-one [7- (3,4dihydroxyphenyl) -1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -hept-4-en-3-one], etc.

Dried ginger also contains 6-gingesulfonic acid, 5-ecto-hydroxyborneol-2-o - β - d-glucopyranoside and gingerglycolipid a, B, C.


3、 Pharmacological effects of dried ginger
1. effects on digestive system 1.1 protective effect of ginger on gastric mucosal cells in rats 1.1.1 ginger has obvious protective effect on gastric mucosal damage caused by 0.6N hydrochloric acid. The experimental rats were divided into ① control group ② ginger group and ③ indomethacin plus ginger group. First, group ③ was treated with indomethacin (5mg/kg, prepared with normal saline at the time of clinical use) Ig, and groups ① and ② were treated with the same amount of normal saline Ig. Two hours later, group ② and ③ were given 1ml of 10% ginger decoction, and group ① was given the same amount of normal saline (the pH of normal saline and ginger decoction were both 6.0). After 15 minutes, the animals in the three groups were killed by ig1ml0.6n hydrochloric acid for 1 hour, and the total length (mm, thin strip due to gastric injury) and severity (0-4 grades) of each gastric mucosa were measured. Results: in the control group (n = 9), the number of gastric mucosal lesions was 71.22 ± 13.33 (mean ± standard error, the same below). The severity of injury was 2.11 ± 0.42 in the ginger group (n = 8): 23.75 ± 8.39 and 0.83 ± 0.30, respectively; . Regardless of the number or severity of injury, there was a significant difference between the ginger group and the control group (P < 0.05).

1.1.2 effect of ginger on gastric injury induced by stress stimuli rats were divided into three groups, namely ① control group, ② ginger group and ③ indomethacin plus ginger group. The limbs of the animal were tied to the barbed wire mesh with cotton rope and placed in a 20 ℃ cold pool at the flat xiphoid on the water surface. ③ . ② Before and 3 and 6 hours after cold water, the animals in group A and group C were treated with 2 ml of 10% ginger decoction, and the animals in group A and group C were treated with the same amount of normal saline. The animals were sacrificed after 9 hours, and the number and severity of each gastric mucosal injury were measured. Results: in the control group (n=6), the number of injury was 17.16 ± 3.20, and the severity of injury was 4.00 ± 0.00; Ginger group (n = 8): 7.37 ± 2.67 and 2.75.49, respectively; Indomethacin plus ginger group (n = 6): 37.49 ± 6.96, respectively. There was significant difference between ginger group and control group (P < 0.05).

1.1.3 effect of ginger on gastric acid secretion in rats with pylorus ligation to observe whether the protective effect of ginger on gastric mucosa is related to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, the rats were anesthetized with ether, the pylorus was ligated by laparotomy, and then the abdominal wall was sutured, ig2mll0% ginger decoction (ginger group) or normal saline (control group), and the animals were sacrificed after 4 hours. The cardia was ligated by laparotomy, the stomach was taken out, a small incision was cut at the great curvature of the stomach near the pylorus, and the gastric juice was collected and engraved in a degree centrifuge tube. The gastric juice and total acidity were measured for 4h, and the total acid output was calculated. .

According to the above three experiments, PO10% ginger decoction can significantly reduce the gastric mucosal injury induced by 0.6N hydrochloric acid and bound water immersion in rats. The protective mechanism may be caused by ginger stimulating the synthesis and release of endogenous PG with cytoprotective effect from gastric mucosa. After indomethacin was used to block endogenous PG synthesis in the stomach, the protective effect of ginger on gastric mucosa disappeared. The 10% ginger decoction can also stimulate the secretion of gastric acid, probably through a PG independent mechanism. The above two effects of ginger seem to be contradictory on the surface, but are unified in essence; . It is possible that due to the small amount of PG synthesized, or the synthesis of PG without inhibitory effect on gastric secretion, it failed to show the inhibitory effect of PG on gastric secretion, but only produced the protective effect on gastric mucosa. The amount of PG required for gastric mucosal cell protection is far less than that required for its inhibition of gastric secretion.

1.2 anti hydrochloric acid ethanol gastric ulcer effect of ginger administration of ginger acetone extract 1000mg/kg to animals can inhibit gastric mucosal damage, with a significant inhibition rate of 97.5%. The acetone extract was further separated by silica gel column chromatography to obtain zingiberene. Po administration of zingiberene at 25.50mg/kg could inhibit gastric mucosal injury, and the inhibition rates were 80.3% and 98.7%, respectively, with statistical significance. Intraduodenal administration of zingiberene at 25 and 50mg/kg did not inhibit gastric mucosal injury in pylorus ligation ulcer. . The results showed that ginger is an effective drug for the treatment of hydrochloric acid ethanol ulcer, and its effective component is gingerene, which has a protective effect on gastric mucosal cells.

1.3 effect of ginger on enzyme action ginger has a strong barrier effect on pancreatic enzymes and two amylases. Pancreatin has strong digestibility for starch, protein and fat, while ginger can seriously destroy the amylase in pancreatin, making the digestion of starch by pancreatin significantly decreased. Ginger can also inhibit B amylase in amylase and hinder starch saccharification.

1.4 protective effect of ginger on liver damage 1.4.1 effect on carbon tetrachloride liver damage in rats healthy rats weighing 100-145g were randomly divided into normal control group, liver injury control group and experimental treatment groups 1 and 2. The animals in the latter three groups were treated with 15% carbon tetrachloride tea oil 0.2ml/100gig once in the experimental DL, and 24 hours later, the normal control group and the liver damage control group were treated with 1% Tween-80 normal saline Ig; the experimental treatment groups 1 and 2 were treated with ginger essential oil 0.32ml/kg, respectively; 0.4ml/kgig， Once a day for 2 consecutive days. At 16 hours after the last administration, the animals were decapitated and blood was taken at fasting. The serum was isolated and the content of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was measured. . .

1.4.2 effects on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice ginger essential oil was used, ig0.5mg/ (kg · d) for 5 consecutive days, and then 0.1% carbon tetrachloride camellia oil 10mg/kg was given IP on the afternoon of D5. After 16h, the eyes were removed on an empty stomach to take blood, the serum was isolated, and the SGPT value was measured. The results showed that ginger essential oil could prevent liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride.

1.4.3 effect on the retention of sulfonylbromophthalein (BSP) in mice thirty mice were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 was normal control group, group 2 and group 3 were liver damage control group and ginger essential oil group respectively. On the 1st and 2nd day of the experiment, group 1 and 2 were treated with 0.1% Tween-80 normal saline 10ml/kgig; Group 3 was treated with ginger essential oil 0.25ml/kgig. All groups were given drugs twice a day. In the morning of D3, each group was still given the above dose once. In the afternoon of D3, group 1 was still given the drug as described above, and groups 2 and 3 were given 0.1% CCl4 ginger oil 10ml/kgip. . After 20 minutes, the eyeballs were enucleated for blood collection and the serum was isolated. Take 0.1ml of serum and add 5ml of 0.1nhcl, compare the color at the wavelength of 520nm, then add a drop of 2nnaoh, and then compare the color. The difference between the two absorbance readings (OD? ）Represents BSP retention. The results showed that the amount of BSP retention in mice was significantly increased due to CCl4 poisoning. .

1.4.4 effect of Ginger Honey sealing solution on the repair function of experimental injured liver take an equal amount of commercially available honey and fresh ginger, wash and peel the fresh ginger, mash it, filter it with double-layer gauze, mix the juice with honey, seal it in a ceramic tank, bury it at about 1m underground, and take it out for standby after 10 days. The rats were divided into normal control group, liver injury group and treatment group. SC carbon tetrachloride (0.5ml/100g body weight) was given to the liver injury group and the treatment group respectively on the morning of DL and D5. . From the afternoon of the experimental LD, the treatment group was given Ginger Honey sealing solution (0.5ml/100g body weight) Ig, once a day for 7 consecutive days. The liver injury group and the normal control group were given Ig with ordinary water in the same way. The eye blood was taken on the 8th day of the experiment, the serum transaminases were measured, and the morphology was observed. Results compared with the liver injury group, the SGOT in the treatment group decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The degree of injury of hepatic lobule structure in the treatment group was mild. .

1.4.5 choleretic effect of ginger Wistar rats (weighing about 250g) were anesthetized with ether and then urethane, laparotomized, and inserted into the common bile duct with polyethylene cannula. Each rat was kept stable for 1 hour, and then administered from the duodenum after 30 minutes. . Results the acetone extract of ginger showed significant cholagogic effect 3 hours after administration, while the water extract was ineffective. 6-gingerol can significantly increase bile secretion 30-60 minutes after administration (similar to the effect of the comparative reference drug sodium dehydrocholate), which is still obvious 4 hours after administration. 10 gingerol also has a cholagogic effect, which is weak but still significant.

2. effects on circulatory system the triphasic effects of gingerol 500ug/kg on blood pressure were observed in rats, which decreased transiently and then increased, and then continued to decrease. . According to the electrocardiogram, gingerol can block the conduction of stimulating conduction system, which may be partially related to the hypotensive effect of gingerol. The pressor effect of gingerol could not be completely abolished by vagotomy, pretreatment with terazoline and reserpine (5mg/kg, 20 hours) and renal vascular ligation. If curcumenol (1-10ug/kg) is given to the cistern and ventricle, the blood pressure increases gradually; In the hindlimb vascular bed perfusion experiment, the pressor effect of gingerol may be related to the central and terminal parts. In addition, in the hind limb vascular perfusion experiment, it also causes the rise of systemic blood pressure. Therefore, when using IV administration to study the effect of gingerol (l-10ug/kg), some see the pressor effect, and some see the depressor effect. This pressor effect can be inhibited by terazoline, and the depressor effect can be inhibited by cutting the vagus nerve. These results indicate that gingerol can stimulate the vagus nerve and inhibit the hypotensive effect caused by the heart, vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, sympathetic excitation and other partial participation to cause the pressor effect. Normal people chew 1g ginger (if they don't swallow it, their blood pressure will rise. Its alcohol extract has excitatory effect on vasomotor center and respiratory center. .

3. effect on central nervous system 3.1 effect on spontaneous activity of mice mice were randomly divided into three groups. The experimental Department counted the active time of mice at night with ysd-4 pharmacological and physiological multi-purpose instrument. . The mice in each experimental group were treated with ginger essential oil at 0.12 and 0.19ml/kg, respectively, and the mice in the control group were treated with equal volume tween saline. The spontaneous activity of mice within 5 minutes was measured at 30 and 60 minutes after administration. Ginger essential oil has a very significant inhibition of spontaneous activity of mice.

3.2 effect on pentobarbital sodium sleep time mice in each group were IP with ginger essential oil 0.12, 0.19ml/kg and equal volume tween saline, respectively. 30 minutes after administration, animals in each group were IP with pentobarbital sodium 25mg/kg. Taking the time from the disappearance of righting reflex to recovery as the sleep time index, ginger essential oil can significantly prolong the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium.

3.3 effect on convulsion induced by central stimulants mice in each group were IP ginger essential oil 0.24, 0.3ml/kg and equal volume tween saline. After 30 minutes, each group was given another IP of pentylenetetrazol 100mg/kg, picrotoxin 7.5mg/kg, strychnine 1.5mg/kg, and the number of convulsions and deaths within 120min were recorded. The results are shown in table 18. Ginger essential oil can obviously resist pentylenetetrazol convulsion, but it has no effect on tetrandrine toxin and strychnine convulsion.

2.4 analgesic effect 3.4.1 writhing method mice in each group were Ig ginger essential oil 0.3mg/kg, pethidine 40mg/kg and equal volume tween saline respectively. 30 minutes after administration, mice in each group were ip0.3% acetic acid 0.2ml/ mouse, and the writhing reaction times within 20 minutes were recorded. The results are shown in Table 19. It has significant analgesic effect, but it is weaker than that of meperidine 40mg/kg.

. Mice in each group were Ig ginger essential oil 0.4ml/kg, pethidine 40mg/kg and equal volume tween saline. The pain valve was measured once at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the administration. If there was no pain reaction for 60s, it was calculated as 60s. The results are shown in table 20. Ginger essential oil has significant analgesic effect.

3.5 the experiment of the effect on the body temperature of yeast induced fever rats imitates the method of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension. Twenty four rats were divided into three groups with starvation. Fresh Saccharomyces cerevisiae was prepared into a 20% suspension with normal saline, and the amount of SC was 2ml/100g. The anal temperature of fever was measured five hours after injection, and then the drugs were administered according to table 20. After that, the anal temperature was measured once every one hour, a total of five times. Ginger essential oil started to have antipyretic effect after 0.375ml/kglh, lasting for 5 hours.

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4.2 effect on vitamin C content in rat adrenal gland dried ginger and dried ginger extract can significantly reduce vitamin C content in adrenal gland of young rats (100-120g).

5. effects of dried ginger on hypoxia and cold mice dried ginger was extracted twice with petroleum ether at boiling range of 30-60 ℃ for 3 days each time, and petroleum ether was recovered to obtain a yellowish brown oily petroleum ether extract of dried ginger (referred to as ginger ether extract). Boiled in boiling water for 0.5 hours, twice in total, 1ml of dried ginger aqueous extract containing 1g of crude drug was obtained.

5.1 effect on the tolerance of mice to atmospheric pressure closed hypoxia sixty mice weighing 220 ± 2.5G were divided into six groups. One hour after ig with ginger ether extract and control solution, each mouse was put into a wide mouth bottle with a capacity of 145ml. The time required for the oxygen content in the bottle to drop from 21% to L5%, 10% and 17% (i.e. oxygen consumption rate), survival time and the residual oxygen content in the bottle at the time of death were measured. Ginger ether extract can slow down the oxygen consumption rate of the whole mouse and prolong the survival time of atmospheric pressure closed hypoxia mice.

5.2 effect on the duration of mouth opening action of decapitated mice sixty mice, weighing 19.2 ± 2.4G, were divided into six groups. One hour after ig with ginger extract and control solution, the head was cut off from the neck, and the duration of mouth opening action of decapitated mice was recorded immediately. Ginger ether extract could significantly prolong the duration of mouth opening action.

5.3 effect on the survival time of mice poisoned by sodium nitrite (NaNO2)the mice weighed 22.6 ± 2.0g and were divided into six groups, one hour after ig with ginger extract and control bath solution, NaNO2800mg/kg， The survival time was recorded immediately. Results when the dose of ether extract was 1.5ml/kg, 3.0ml/kg and the dose of water extract was 10-20g/kg, there was no significant difference with the control group, and the survival time could not be prolonged.

5.4 effect on survival time of cold affected mice 72 mice, weighing 19.5 ± 1.3g, were divided into six groups. After 24 hours of fasting and water deprivation, they were respectively Ig dried ginger extract and control solution for 0.5 hours. They were packed in small iron boxes with 6 mice in each box. The iron boxes were put into a refrigerator at 18-20 ℃ and observed once every time. The dead mice were taken out and combined into about 6 mice in each box. It was observed that all the mice died until it was observed that the ether extract and water extract of dried ginger could not prolong the survival time of cold affected mice.

6 Effect on platelet aggregation 6.1 for ADP (10umol/l) - induced platelet aggregation in rabbits, 6-gingerol showed a mild inhibitory effect only at high concentrations. .

6.2 anti aggregation effect of ginger aqueous extract the study of the effect of ginger aqueous extract on the metabolic effect of labeled AA in platelets showed that TXB2 and PGs were significantly reduced. Ginger water extract can reduce the formation of PG endoperoxide. The decrease of TX and PGs in the presence of ginger aqueous extract was dose-dependent. At the same time, it was also found that the formation of 6-Keto-PGF1a, a marker of AA synthesis, in rat aorta was reduced by the presence of ginger aqueous extract. The water extract also reduced the amount of TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1a produced by labeled AA in rat lung homogenate. The aqueous extract of ginger can strongly inhibit platelet aggregation, and even the smallest volume of aqueous extract can eliminate the aggregation induced by AA. .

6.3 effect on PGI2 production the effect of 6-gingerol on PGI2 production in rat arterial slices was studied using ADP induced platelet agglutination in rabbits as an index. The liquid incubated with daarterio tablet has obvious inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation caused by ADP. However, when 6-gingerol (36, 360umol/l) was incubated with arterial tablets at the same time, ADP caused platelet aggregation, which was significantly promoted compared with the reaction obtained by incubating the liquid of arterial tablets only, and the results varied with the concentration. In addition, the liquid incubated with aspirin (560umol/l) and arterial slices can also promote the reaction of ADP induced platelet agglutination, which is more significant than the culture liquid incubated with arterial slices only.

7. effects on PG biosynthesis collierhoj et al reported that some stimulant drugs containing phenolic hydroxyl groups can stimulate PG synthase. In vitro test showed that zingerone stimulated PG biosynthesis. Taking PGE2 as the detection standard, the concentration of sc50 ± se was 0.041 ± 0.002mmol/l, and the maximum effective concentration was 0.52mmol/l.

8. anti inflammatory effect 8.1 ginger essential oil 0.25-0.4mlig mice can significantly inhibit the increase of capillary permeability induced by histamine and acetic acid in mice; It can significantly inhibit xylene induced auricle inflammation in mice and egg white plantar swelling in rats, and can significantly inhibit granulation tissue hyperplasia, reduce the weight of thymus in young rats, and increase the weight of adrenal gland, which has the function of inhibiting pituitary adrenal cortex system.

8.2 effects on cyclolipoxygenase system 6-gingerol (3.6-360umol/l) inhibited cyclolipoxygenase activity in a concentration dependent manner. 6-gingerol also inhibited TXB2 production in a concentration dependent manner. . 6-gingerol also inhibited microsomal cyclooxygenase and 6-Keto-PGF, a in a concentration dependent manner. Compared with indomethacin, the IC50 of 6-gingerol was 0.38 when indomethacin was 1. 6-gingerol also inhibited 5-lipoxygenase in a concentration dependent manner at the concentration of 0.3-100umol/l, with an IC50 value of 1.6 ± 0.6umol/l. The results showed that 6-gingerol may be effective not only on inflammation but also on allergy.

9. antibacterial and antigenic effects the aqueous extract of ginger has different degrees of inhibitory effects on Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, tinea Viola and Trichomonas vaginalis. Ginger has the effect of preventing the hatching of Schistosoma eggs, especially when the extract contains ketone components. When given to children with schistosomiasis with ginger powder and ginger water extract tablets or ginger ketone components tablets, the egg count can be decreased, indicating that it has a certain killing effect on the body of Schistosoma.

10. other effects gingerol contained in ginger can release some active substances from nerve terminals, such as substance P, somatostatin, incretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, etc. The absorption promoting effect of sulfamidine was studied by small intestinal reflux method in rats. The results showed that the aqueous extract of ginger had a significant absorption promoting effect and enhanced its bioavailability. The IC50 (%) of methanol extract of ginger against linoleic acid oxidation was 2.34x10-2 for tbav (thiobarbituricacidvalue) and 3.04x10-2 for POV (peroxidadevalue).