Toosendan seed
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of toosendan seed       This product is the dried and mature fruit of Melia toosendan sieb.et zucc. The fruits are harvested when they are ripe in winter, impurities are removed and dried.
      [properties] the product is quasi spherical, with a diameter of 2-3.2cm. The surface is golden yellow to brownish yellow, slightly shiny, and a few are sunken or wrinkled, with dark brown dots. There are residual stigma marks at the top, depression at the base, and fruit stem marks. The exocarp is leathery, and often forms a gap with the pulp. The pulp is soft, light yellow, and is sticky when wetted with water. . It tastes sour and bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish brown. The pericarp fibers are in bundles with blunt ends, 9-36 μ m in diameter, and the wall is extremely thick. The surrounding parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate crystals to form crystal fibers. The pericarp stone cells were round like, irregular long strip or long polygonal, and some had tumor like processes or blunt round short branches, with a diameter of 14-54 μ m and a length of about 150 μ M. The seed coat cells are bright yellow or orange yellow. Under the epidermis is a row of square like cells with a diameter of about 44 μ M. the wall is extremely thick, with longitudinal microwave like texture, and the pigment layer is connected under it. The surface of epidermal cells is polygonal with dense granular texture. The cell cavity of seed coat pigment layer is filled with reddish brown substances. . The diameter of calcium oxalate clusters is 5 ～ 27 μ M.
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 80ml of water, sonicate for 1 hour, cool it, centrifuge, take the supernatant, shake it with dichloromethane for three times, 25ml each time, combine the dichloromethane solution, evaporate to dryness, add 2ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, 2G of toosendan seed was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take toosendanin reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use dichloromethane methanol (16:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray with p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde test solution, and heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (general rule 2302).
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      [content determination] determine according to HPLC-MS (general rule 0512 and general rule 0431).
      Chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions and system suitability tests octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.01% formic acid solution (31:69); A single-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect 573 ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) in electrospray ionization (ESI) negative ion mode. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 8000 according to toosendanin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of toosendanin reference, weigh accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 2 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.25g of powder in this product, weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely aspirate 2 μ l of the reference solution and 1 ～ 2 μ l of the test solution, inject them into a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, and determine them. It is obtained by calculating the sum of the two peak areas of toosendanin.
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      Decoction pieces
      . Mash when needed.
      [character], [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Stir fry toosendan seeds, remove the toosendan seeds, cut them into thick pieces or grind them, and stir fry them according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213) until the surface is burnt yellow.
      The product is hemispherical, thick or irregular pieces, with a burnt yellow surface and occasional focal spots. .
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 10.0%.
      The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 4.0%.
      [content determination] the content of toosendanin (c30h38o11) in the same medicinal material should be 0.040% - 0.20%.
      [identification] [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold; There is little poison. It belongs to the liver, small intestine and bladder meridian.
      [functions and indications] soothe the liver and relieve heat, promote qi and relieve pain, and kill insects. It is used for the treatment of liver stagnation, chest and flank pain, abdominal distension, hernia pain, and insect accumulation abdominal pain.
      [usage and dosage] 5-10g. Apply appropriate amount externally, and mix at the end of grinding.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of toosendan fruit
  The fruit contains the effective ingredient of dispelling Ascaris lumbricoidesToosendanin（toosendanin）， And a variety of bitter triterpenoids, melianone, lipomelianol, 21-o-acetyltoosendantriol, 21-o-methyltoosendan pentaol.

3、 Pharmacological effects of toosendan fruit
1. insect repelling effect: This product has the effect of repelling Ascaris lumbricoides. The effective component is toosendanin. Its ethanol extract has a strong effect, and its effect is slow and lasting compared with that of yamadaonian.

. The experiment of direct administration of toosendanin (0.01-0.15mg/ mouse) to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata supports the above conclusion. Nikethamide, a central stimulant, had a slight antagonistic effect on the respiratory depression induced by toosendanin. Toosendanin had no obvious effect on cortical spontaneous electrical activity in awake rabbits.

3. effects of anti botulism animals: toosendanin can treat mice with lethal botulism within 6 hours after challenge, and its survival rate can reach more than 80%; For botulism monkeys, more than half of them can be cured after 24 hours of treatment; It also has a protective effect on type C botulism; When combined with antiviral serum, the dosage of antiviral serum can be significantly reduced. Azadirachtin can resist the repression of botulinum toxin at the nerve muscle junction.