1、
Ginseng leaves
Renshenye
GINSENGFOLIUM
Renshenye
GINSENGFOLIUM
This product is the dried leaves of Panax ginseng c.a.mey. Harvest in autumn, air dry or dry.
[character] this product is often tied into a small handle, in a bundle or fan shape, with a length of 12 ~ 35cm. The palmately compound leaves have a long handle, dark green, and 3 ~ 6 whorls. Leaflets are usually 5, occasionally 7 or 9, oval or obovate. The leaflet at the base is 2 ～ 8cm long and 1 ～ 4cm wide, and the upper leaflet is similar in size, 4 ～ 16cm long and 2 ～ 7cm wide. The base is cuneate, the apex is acuminate, the edge is serrulate and setose, the upper surface of the leaf vein is setose, and the lower surface of the leaf vein is raised. Paper, fragile. The smell is light and fragrant, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellow green. The upper epidermal cells are irregular in shape, slightly rectangular, 35-92 μ m long and 32-60 μ m wide, with wavy or deep wavy vertical walls. The lower epidermal cells are similar to the upper epidermis and slightly smaller; The stomata are indeterminate, and the guard cells are 31 ～ 35 μ m long. The mesophyll has no palisade tissue, and is mostly composed of four layers of round parenchyma cells with a diameter of 18-29 μ m, containing chloroplasts or calcium oxalate clusters with a diameter of 12-40 μ m and sharp edges.
(2) . In addition, Ginsenoside Rg1 reference substance and ginsenoside Re reference substance were added with ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 2.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of n-butanol ethyl acetate water (4:1:5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
.
[content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (20:80); The detection wavelength was 203mn. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 1500 according to the ginsenoside Re peak.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of Ginsenoside Rg1 reference and ginsenoside Re reference, weigh accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.25mg ginsenoside Rg1 and 0.5mg ginsenoside Re per 1ml, respectively.
Preparation of test solution take about 0.2g of powder, weigh accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 30ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 1 hour, discard the chloroform solution, volatilize the chloroform from the drug residue, add 30ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 3 hours, evaporate the extract at low temperature, add 10ml of water to dissolve, add petroleum ether (30 ~ 60 ℃) to extract twice, 10ml each time, discard the ether solution, the water solution passes through D101 macroporous adsorption resin column (inner diameter is 1.5cm, column length is 15cm), elute with 50ml of water, and discard the water solution. Elute with 50ml of 20% ethanol, discard the 20% ethanol eluent, elute with 80ml of 80% ethanol, collect 70ml of eluent, evaporate to dryness, add methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer to a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l each of the above two reference solutions and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
This product contains ginsenoside Rg1 (c42H72O14）And ginsenoside Re (c48H82O18）The total amount of shall not be less than 2.25%.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and cold. Return to lung and stomach channels.
[functions and indications] it can replenish qi, benefit lungs, dispel summer heat, and generate fluid. It is used for cough due to Qi deficiency, irritability due to summer heat, thirst due to Tianjin injury, unclear head and tired limbs.
[usage and setting] 3 ～ 9g.
[note] it should not be used with Veratrum and wulingzhi.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place and keep away from moisture.
[character] this product is often tied into a small handle, in a bundle or fan shape, with a length of 12 ~ 35cm. The palmately compound leaves have a long handle, dark green, and 3 ~ 6 whorls. Leaflets are usually 5, occasionally 7 or 9, oval or obovate. The leaflet at the base is 2 ～ 8cm long and 1 ～ 4cm wide, and the upper leaflet is similar in size, 4 ～ 16cm long and 2 ～ 7cm wide. The base is cuneate, the apex is acuminate, the edge is serrulate and setose, the upper surface of the leaf vein is setose, and the lower surface of the leaf vein is raised. Paper, fragile. The smell is light and fragrant, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellow green. The upper epidermal cells are irregular in shape, slightly rectangular, 35-92 μ m long and 32-60 μ m wide, with wavy or deep wavy vertical walls. The lower epidermal cells are similar to the upper epidermis and slightly smaller; The stomata are indeterminate, and the guard cells are 31 ～ 35 μ m long. The mesophyll has no palisade tissue, and is mostly composed of four layers of round parenchyma cells with a diameter of 18-29 μ m, containing chloroplasts or calcium oxalate clusters with a diameter of 12-40 μ m and sharp edges.
(2) . In addition, Ginsenoside Rg1 reference substance and ginsenoside Re reference substance were added with ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 2.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of n-butanol ethyl acetate water (4:1:5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
.
[content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (20:80); The detection wavelength was 203mn. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 1500 according to the ginsenoside Re peak.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of Ginsenoside Rg1 reference and ginsenoside Re reference, weigh accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.25mg ginsenoside Rg1 and 0.5mg ginsenoside Re per 1ml, respectively.
Preparation of test solution take about 0.2g of powder, weigh accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 30ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 1 hour, discard the chloroform solution, volatilize the chloroform from the drug residue, add 30ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 3 hours, evaporate the extract at low temperature, add 10ml of water to dissolve, add petroleum ether (30 ~ 60 ℃) to extract twice, 10ml each time, discard the ether solution, the water solution passes through D101 macroporous adsorption resin column (inner diameter is 1.5cm, column length is 15cm), elute with 50ml of water, and discard the water solution. Elute with 50ml of 20% ethanol, discard the 20% ethanol eluent, elute with 80ml of 80% ethanol, collect 70ml of eluent, evaporate to dryness, add methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer to a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l each of the above two reference solutions and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
This product contains ginsenoside Rg1 (c42H72O14）And ginsenoside Re (c48H82O18）The total amount of shall not be less than 2.25%.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and cold. Return to lung and stomach channels.
[functions and indications] it can replenish qi, benefit lungs, dispel summer heat, and generate fluid. It is used for cough due to Qi deficiency, irritability due to summer heat, thirst due to Tianjin injury, unclear head and tired limbs.
[usage and setting] 3 ～ 9g.
[note] it should not be used with Veratrum and wulingzhi.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place and keep away from moisture.
2、 Chemical constituents of ginseng leaves
Ginseng stems and leaves contain triterpenoids and their soapsglycosideIngredients:Ginsenoside Rb1、GinsenosidesRb2、GinsenosidesRc、GinsenosidesRe、GinsenosidesRf、GinsenosidesRg1、GinsenosidesRg3、GinsenosidesRg4、GinsenosidesRh1、GinsenosidesRh2、GinsenosidesRh3、GinsenosidesF1、GinsenosidesF2、GinsenosidesF3、GinsenosidesF4、GinsenosidesLa, 20 (R) ginseng soapglycoside[20（R）-ginsenoside]Tg2、Ginsenoside Rh2、 20 (s) ginseng soapglycosideRh2[20（S）-ginenoside-Rh2]， 20 glucose ginseng soapglycosideRf（20-glucoginsenoside-Rf)，20（R）protopanaxadiol[20（R）protopanaxadiol]，20（R）protopanaxatriol[20 (R) protopana xatriol], 20 (R) - dammaran-3 β, 6 α, 12 β, 20, 25 pentanol [20 (R) - dammaran-3 β, 6 α, 12 β, 20, 25 pentol], 20 (R) - dammaran-3 β, 6 α, 12 β, 20, 25 pentanol-6-o - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4) - O - β - d-glucopyranoside [20 (R) - dammar-3 β - d-glucopyranoside], daucosterin ([1-10]. It also contains flavonoid tip components: kaempferol, trifolin, panasenoside, namely kaempferol-3-o-glucosyl (1 → 2) galactoside [kaempferol-3-o-glucosyl (1 → 2) galactoside] [11]. It also contains volatile oil, and the stem oil contains palmitic acid, 2-methyl-6-propyldodecane; The oil of leaves contains palmitic acid, tridecanoicacid and n-Pentadecane [12]. It was also reported that β -farnesene, 2-heptadecanone and palmitic acid were found in the volatile oil of leaves [13]. Recently, it has been reported that the hair oil of leaves contains 32 components, among which the main ones are: 9,12,15 docsatrienol, palmitic acid, 7,10,12-hexadecatrienoate, methyllinolenate, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, glycerol, dimethyl hexanoate (2,2-dimethylphenylacetate), 2-isovalerylmethyl-1, 3-isopentanoyl-4-methyl, 2-isopentanoyl-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene, methyloleate, 1,2-diphenylhexane, etc. [14]. Leaves also contain aspartic acid, 1,2-dipehnylethane, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline [15]. It also contains polysaccharide. Polysaccharide S-1 is obtained from the stem, with a relative molecular mass of 1.9 million. It is composed of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose with a molar ratio of 11.9:2.8:1.6:0.8. Polysaccharide contains 1.34% protein and 17 kinds of amino acids [16]. Pg- Ⅰ Ⅲ, a small molecule polysaccharide contained in leaves, has strong immune effects [17]; . The first two are neutral sugars and the last two are acidic sugars, among which GL NLA has a weak effect against the original [19]. It also contains inorganic elements such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, lead, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, boron, zinc, iron, manganese, copper [20, 21] and a variety of peroxide isoforms [22].
3、 Pharmacological effects of ginseng leaves.The study on the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaves in vitro and in vivo...The mechanism of ginseng leaves in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and its mechanism of action in mice and mice with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B and its mechanism
1. .
2. It can increase the body's defense against various harmful stimuli.
3. It can prevent and treat myocardial dystrophy, coronary atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, etc.