ginseng

Ren shen

GINSENG RADIX ET RHIZOMA

    This product is ginseng from AraliaceaePanaxginsengC.A.Mey.Dry roots and rhizomes of. It is more than digging in autumn, washing, drying or drying. “Garden ginseng”It is said to grow naturally when sown in the wild state of mountains and forests“Ginseng under the forest”, Xi said“Seed sea”。

    [character] the main root is spindle shaped or cylindrical, long3～15cm, diameter1～2cmThe surface is grayish yellow, and there are light and intermittent coarse transverse lines and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or the whole, and there are branch roots on the lower part2～3Most slender fibrous roots are attached, and there are often inconspicuous small warty protrusions on the fibrous roots. Rhizome (reed head) length1～4cm, diameter0.3～1.5cm, multiple contractures and bending, with adventitious roots (wagons) and sparse concave stem scars (bowls of reed). . It has a special aroma, slightly bitter and sweet taste.

    Or the main root is nearly equal to or shorter than the rhizome, which is cylindrical, water chestnut shaped or herringbone shaped, long1～6cmThe surface is grayish yellow, with longitudinal wrinkles, with ring patterns on the upper or middle and lower parts, and the branch roots are mostly2～3The fibrous roots are few and slender, clear and not disorderly, with obvious verrucous protrusions. The rhizome is slender, a few are thick and short, and the middle and upper part has sparse or dense and deep-seated stem scars. .

    [identification]（1）Cross section of this product: the cork layer is a series of cells. The inner layer of the bolt is narrow. There are cracks on the outer side of phloem, and the parenchyma cells on the inner side are closely arranged, with resin channels scattered, containing yellow secretions. The cambium forms a ring. The xylem ray is broad, and the vessels are scattered or gathered in several places, intermittently arranged in a radial shape, and there are occasional non lignified fibers beside the vessels. Parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate clusters.

    The powder is yellowish white. Resin tract fragments are easy to see, containing yellow massive secretions. Diameter of calcium oxalate cluster20～68μm, sharp edges and corners. The surface of cork cells is square or polygonal, and the wall is wavy. 10～56μmThere are many starch grains, which are spherical, semicircular or irregular polygonal in diameter4～20μm, umbilical punctate or crevicular; Compound granules are composed of2～6Granulation composition.

    （2）Take this product powderlg, add chloroform40ml, heated reflux1Hours, discard the trichloromethane solution, volatilize the solvent from the drug residue, and add water0.5mlStir to wet, add water to saturate n-butanol10ml, sonication30Minutes, aspirate the supernatant and add3Fold the amount of ammonia test solution, shake it well, place it in layers, take the upper liquid and evaporate it to dryness, and add methanol to the residue1mlDissolve as test solution. Another ginseng reference material was obtainedlgThe same method was used to prepare the control medicinal material solution. Then take ginsenosideRb1Reference substance, GinsenosideReReference substance, GinsenosideRfReference substance and ginsenosideRg1The reference substance was prepared by adding methanol into each1mlEach containing2mgAs the control solution. According to thin layer chromatography (General0502）Test, aspirate each of the above three solutions1～2μ1, respectively, on the same silica gelGOn the thin-layer plate, chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol-Water（15：40：22：10）10℃The lower layer solution placed below is the developing agent, which is developed, taken out, dried, and sprayed with10%Sulfuric acid ethanol solution, in105℃Heat until the spots are clearly colored, and place sunlight and ultraviolet lights respectively（365nm）Lower view. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed on the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample, respectively.

    [inspection] the water content shall not be too high12.0%(General0832The second method).

    Total ash content shall not exceed5.0%(General2302）。

    Determination of pesticide residues according to the method for determination of pesticide residues (general rule2341Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues - Method II).

    Including total BHC（α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHCSum) shall not be excessive0.2mg/kg; total DDT（pp′-DDE、pp′-DDD、op′-DDT、pp′-DDTSum) shall not be excessive0.2mg/kg; pentachloronitrobenzene shall not be exceeded0.1mg/kg; hexachlorobenzene shall not be exceeded0.1mg/kg; heptachlor (sum of heptachlor and epoxy heptachlor) shall not exceed0.05mg/kg; Aldrin should not be exceeded0.05mg/kg; chlordane (the sum of CIS chlordane, trans chlordane and oxychlordane) shall not exceed0.1mg/kg。

    [content determination] according to HPLC (general rules0512）Assay.

    Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; A, with water as the mobile phaseB, gradient elution according to the following table; The detection wavelength was203nm. the number of theoretical plates is calculated according to ginsenosideRg1Peak calculation should not be less than6000。

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    Time (minutes) mobile phaseA(%) mobile phaseB（％）

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    0～35        19          81

    35～55       19→29      81→71

    55～70       29          71

    70～100      29→40      71→60

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    Preparation of reference solution ginsenoside was accurately weighedRg1Reference substance, GinsenosideReReference substance and ginsenosideRb1The reference substance was prepared by adding methanol into each1mlEach containing0.2mgShake well to obtain the mixed solution.

    Preparation of the test solution take the powder of this product (passing the No. 4 sieve) for aboutlg, accurately weighed, placed in Soxhlet extractor, heated and refluxed with Trichloromethane3Hours, discard the trichloromethane solution, volatilize the solvent from the drug residue, and transfer it together with the filter paper cartridge100mlIn the conical flask, add water precisely to saturate n-butanol50ml, dense plug, overnight, sonicated (power250W, frequency50kHz）30Minutes, filter, discard the primary filtrate, and accurately measure the secondary filtrate25ml, evaporate to dryness in an evaporating dish, dissolve the residue with methanol and transfer to5mlIn the measuring bottle, add methanol to dilute to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.

    The determination method accurately aspirates the reference solution respectively10μlWith test solution10～20μl.

    This product is calculated as dry product, includingGinsenosidesRg1（C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄）And ginsenosidesRe（C₄₈H₈₂O₁₈）The total amount of shall not be less than0.30%，GinsenosidesRb1（C₅₄H₉₂0₂₃）0.20%。

    Decoction pieces

    .

    Ginseng tablet this product is round or quasi round thin slice. The outer skin is grayish yellow. The cut surface is yellowish white or off white, powdery, and the cambium is brownish yellow with ring stripes. There are yellowish brown punctate resin channels and radioactive cracks in the skin. It is light and brittle. It has a special aroma, slightly bitter and sweet taste.

    [content determination] the same as that of medicinal materials, containing ginsenosidesRg1（C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄）And ginsenosidesRe（C₄₈H₈₂O₁₈）The total amount of shall not be less than0.27%, ginsenosidesRb1（C₅₄H₉₂0₂₃）0.18%。

    [identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.

    [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter and mild. Return to spleen, lung, heart and kidney meridians.

    [functions and indications] it can greatly replenish vital energy, restore pulse and strengthen blood flow, replenish spleen and lungs, nourish body fluid and blood, calm nerves and improve intelligence. It is used for body deficiency, weak cold pulse, spleen deficiency and less food, lung deficiency and cough, Tianjin injury and thirst, internal heat and thirst, Qi and blood deficiency, long-term illness and asthenia, palpitations and insomnia, impotence and cold palace.

    [usage and dosage]3～9g, fried and served separately; You can also grind powder and swallow it once2g, one day2Times.

    [note] it should not be used with Veratrum and wulingzhi.

    [storage] store in a cool and dry place, sealed and mothproof.