3、 Volatile oil
Volatile oil, also known as essential oil, is a kind of oily liquid with aromatic smell. Because it can volatilize at room temperature, it is easier to distill with water vapor, so it is called volatile oil.
Generally, the volatile oil exists in the plant body in a free state, and is distributed in Rutaceae (orange, orange, lemon, pepper, etc.), Labiatae (mint, perilla, Schizonepeta, agastache, pepper, etc.), myrtle family (clove, eucalyptus, etc.), Lauraceae (cinnamon, camphor, etc.), Umbelliferae (cumin, angelica, etc.), Rosaceae (Rose), Compositae (chrysanthemum, Herba Artemisiae, Atractylodes, Atractylodes macrocephala, Magnolia, etc.), Magnoliaceae (star anise, Magnolia officinalis), coniferae (pine, Platycladus), Zingiberaceae (ginger, Amomum), pepper (pepper), Gramineae (citronellae, Iridaceae (IRIS), Myristicaceae (nutmeg), etc.
Most of the volatile oils have certain irritation to the mucosa, can promote blood circulation, and have the effects of sweating, relieving exterior symptoms, regulating qi, relieving pain, expectorant cough, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory; . For example, clove oil and its eugenol have local anesthesia, analgesia, disinfection and anti-corrosion effects, the volatile oil of Manchurian red and its azalea ketone have antitussive and expectorant effects, peppermint oil and its menthol have local analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, camphor has cardiotonic effects, camphor oil and its cineole have bacteriostatic effects, Houttuynia cordata and its formyl acetaldehyde have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, rutin oil and its piperone have antiasthmatic, antitussive and expectorant effects, angelica oil has analgesic effects, bupleurum oil has antipyretic effects, Nepeta oil has the effect of driving Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm, Perrin oil has the effect of anti influenza virus, and Yinchen oil has the effect of anti mold.Eucalyptus oil can resist bacteria and inflammation, Amomum oil can drive wind and strengthen stomach, etc.
4、 Tannin
Tannin, also known as tannin or tannic acid, is a complex class of high molecular phenolic compounds. Tannins are found in the skin, roots, stems, leaves and fruits of plants, as well as in wood, but rarely in flowers. . Traditional Chinese medicines containing condensed tannins include catechu, Polygonum cuspidatum, Uncaria rhynchophylla, etc; Traditional Chinese medicines containing hydrolysable tannins include gallnut, rhubarb, pomegranate peel, etc. as,Allantoin, Anshi Liulin,Chebulic acid，Terminalia chebula biphenic acidEt al.
Tannins can be used as astringents because they can precipitate proteins. Tannin aqueous solution applied on the wound surface can reduce secretion, promote scab formation on the wound surface, and has hemostasis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects; . Tannin is not absorbed after oral administration, so it has no effect on blood; However, tannin cannot be contained in the injection, otherwise the protein in the blood can precipitate and form thrombus.
5、
. Traditional Chinese medicines containing organic acids include valerian, lemon, white peony, weeping willow, evergreen, honeysuckle, privet, purslane, etc. Animal drugs such as earthworm and cantharides also contain. Common organic acids in plants include oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Some organic acids in plants are free, some exist in salt with cations such as potassium, calcium, magnesium or alkaloids, and some exist in the form of esters.
Most organic acids have no obvious medical effect, but some organic acids have certain medical value, such as valerenic acid has sedative effect, citric acid has anticoagulant effect, benzoic acid can expectorant, antiseptic, salicylic acid can relieve fever and pain, isochlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid can resist bacteria, oleanolic acid has cardiotonic diuretic effect, ascorbic acid has hemostatic and hypolipidemic effects, succinic acid can relieve cough and asthma, cantharidin has anti liver cancer and other effects.
6、 Amino acids, proteins and enzymes
Amino acid is a kind of nitrogen-containing organic substance widely existing in animals and plants. Its molecule contains both amino and carboxyl groups, so it is called amino acid. Protein is a kind of high molecular compound composed of various amino acids. Enzymes that play a catalytic role also belong to proteins. They exist together in biological cells.
Traditional Chinese medicines containing amino acids include Chinese scholar, pumpkin seed, cotton root, earthworm, centipede, etc. .
Traditional Chinese medicines containing protein or enzyme include concanavalis, castor beans, trichosanthin, thunder pills, malt, etc. Proteins or enzymes are also components with certain medical value that cannot be ignored, such as concanavalin and ricin, which have anticancer effects. Trichosanthin protein can be used for artificial induction of labor, treatment of choriocarcinoma, malignant hydatidiform mole, etc. leibol proteolytic enzyme can destroy tapeworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and amylase can help digestion of starchy foods.
7、 Sugars
. Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, rhamnose, oligosaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, stachyose, polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, etc. Sugars are the most common components in botanical drugs, accounting for about 50-80% of the dry weight of plants. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides generally have no special role; Recently, it has been found that some polysaccharides have important medical effects, such as polysaccharides from mushrooms, Poria cocos, Polyporus umbellatus and bamboo leaves can inhibit tumors, and laminarin, a polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica, has anti atherosclerotic effects.
8、 Grease and waxVolatile oil, also known as essential oil, is a kind of oily liquid with aromatic smell. Because it can volatilize at room temperature, it is easier to distill with water vapor, so it is called volatile oil.
Generally, the volatile oil exists in the plant body in a free state, and is distributed in Rutaceae (orange, orange, lemon, pepper, etc.), Labiatae (mint, perilla, Schizonepeta, agastache, pepper, etc.), myrtle family (clove, eucalyptus, etc.), Lauraceae (cinnamon, camphor, etc.), Umbelliferae (cumin, angelica, etc.), Rosaceae (Rose), Compositae (chrysanthemum, Herba Artemisiae, Atractylodes, Atractylodes macrocephala, Magnolia, etc.), Magnoliaceae (star anise, Magnolia officinalis), coniferae (pine, Platycladus), Zingiberaceae (ginger, Amomum), pepper (pepper), Gramineae (citronellae, Iridaceae (IRIS), Myristicaceae (nutmeg), etc.
Most of the volatile oils have certain irritation to the mucosa, can promote blood circulation, and have the effects of sweating, relieving exterior symptoms, regulating qi, relieving pain, expectorant cough, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory; . For example, clove oil and its eugenol have local anesthesia, analgesia, disinfection and anti-corrosion effects, the volatile oil of Manchurian red and its azalea ketone have antitussive and expectorant effects, peppermint oil and its menthol have local analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, camphor has cardiotonic effects, camphor oil and its cineole have bacteriostatic effects, Houttuynia cordata and its formyl acetaldehyde have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, rutin oil and its piperone have antiasthmatic, antitussive and expectorant effects, angelica oil has analgesic effects, bupleurum oil has antipyretic effects, Nepeta oil has the effect of driving Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm, Perrin oil has the effect of anti influenza virus, and Yinchen oil has the effect of anti mold.Eucalyptus oil can resist bacteria and inflammation, Amomum oil can drive wind and strengthen stomach, etc.
4、 Tannin
Tannin, also known as tannin or tannic acid, is a complex class of high molecular phenolic compounds. Tannins are found in the skin, roots, stems, leaves and fruits of plants, as well as in wood, but rarely in flowers. . Traditional Chinese medicines containing condensed tannins include catechu, Polygonum cuspidatum, Uncaria rhynchophylla, etc; Traditional Chinese medicines containing hydrolysable tannins include gallnut, rhubarb, pomegranate peel, etc. as,Allantoin, Anshi Liulin,Chebulic acid，Terminalia chebula biphenic acidEt al.
Tannins can be used as astringents because they can precipitate proteins. Tannin aqueous solution applied on the wound surface can reduce secretion, promote scab formation on the wound surface, and has hemostasis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects; . Tannin is not absorbed after oral administration, so it has no effect on blood; However, tannin cannot be contained in the injection, otherwise the protein in the blood can precipitate and form thrombus.
5、
. Traditional Chinese medicines containing organic acids include valerian, lemon, white peony, weeping willow, evergreen, honeysuckle, privet, purslane, etc. Animal drugs such as earthworm and cantharides also contain. Common organic acids in plants include oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Some organic acids in plants are free, some exist in salt with cations such as potassium, calcium, magnesium or alkaloids, and some exist in the form of esters.
Most organic acids have no obvious medical effect, but some organic acids have certain medical value, such as valerenic acid has sedative effect, citric acid has anticoagulant effect, benzoic acid can expectorant, antiseptic, salicylic acid can relieve fever and pain, isochlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid can resist bacteria, oleanolic acid has cardiotonic diuretic effect, ascorbic acid has hemostatic and hypolipidemic effects, succinic acid can relieve cough and asthma, cantharidin has anti liver cancer and other effects.
6、 Amino acids, proteins and enzymes
Amino acid is a kind of nitrogen-containing organic substance widely existing in animals and plants. Its molecule contains both amino and carboxyl groups, so it is called amino acid. Protein is a kind of high molecular compound composed of various amino acids. Enzymes that play a catalytic role also belong to proteins. They exist together in biological cells.
Traditional Chinese medicines containing amino acids include Chinese scholar, pumpkin seed, cotton root, earthworm, centipede, etc. .
Traditional Chinese medicines containing protein or enzyme include concanavalis, castor beans, trichosanthin, thunder pills, malt, etc. Proteins or enzymes are also components with certain medical value that cannot be ignored, such as concanavalin and ricin, which have anticancer effects. Trichosanthin protein can be used for artificial induction of labor, treatment of choriocarcinoma, malignant hydatidiform mole, etc. leibol proteolytic enzyme can destroy tapeworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and amylase can help digestion of starchy foods.
7、 Sugars
. Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, rhamnose, oligosaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, stachyose, polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, etc. Sugars are the most common components in botanical drugs, accounting for about 50-80% of the dry weight of plants. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides generally have no special role; Recently, it has been found that some polysaccharides have important medical effects, such as polysaccharides from mushrooms, Poria cocos, Polyporus umbellatus and bamboo leaves can inhibit tumors, and laminarin, a polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica, has anti atherosclerotic effects.
Oil is a mixture of glycerides of higher fatty acids. Traditionally, it is divided into oil (fatty oil) and fat. It is called oil that is liquid under normal temperature, and vegetable oil is mostly one of them; Fat refers to solid or semi-solid oil under normal temperature, and animal fat mostly belongs to it. Wax is a lipid that combines higher fatty acids and higher monohydric alcohols. It is a solid at room temperature.
There are many botanical drugs containing oil, mainly in the seeds of some plants, and the content is mostly about 50%, such as hemp seed, sesame, almond, castor seed, Croton, coix seed, maple seed, Brucea Javanica. Wax mainly exists on the surface of plant fruits, young branches and leaves.
; Castor seed and croton oil are irritant laxatives. Some fatty oils have special effects, such as maple seed oil can treat leprosy, coix seed oil can fight cancer, Brucea javanica oil can corrode warts, cod liver oil can prevent vitamin A and D deficiency, etc. In addition, Oils and waxes can also be used in ointments, plasters, suppositories or as raw materials for injection oil.
9、 Resins
Resin is a kind of mixture with complex chemical composition, and is a kind of metabolite of plants. It mostly coexists with gum and volatile oil organic acids. Traditional Chinese medicines containing resins include ferula, myrrh, Styrax, benzoin, Petunia, etc. Some resinous traditional Chinese medicines have certain medical uses, such as ferula oleoresin has anticoagulant and purgative effects, myrrh has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on local areas, Styrax fat has the effects of slowing down heart rate, increasing coronary blood flow, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, etc., Sabbath balsam has antibacterial and expectorant effects, morning glory fat has purgative effects, etc.
10、 Inorganic components
The inorganic components of plant traditional Chinese medicine are mainly potassium salt, calcium salt and magnesium salt, which either exist in combination with organic substances or become crystals with special shapes, such as calcium oxalate crystals in rhubarb. Inorganic salt has certain medical effects. For example, the potassium salt of Prunella vulgaris has hypotensive and diuretic effects, the potassium salt of purslane, such as potassium chloride, has the effect of exciting the uterus, and the calcium phosphatidylate of aconite is related to its cardiotonic effect.
XiPlant pigments
Plant pigments have a wide range, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, terpenoid pigments, carotenes, chlorophyll, etc. Chlorophyll has antibacterial, promoting granulation growth and deodorizing effects. Carotene is the precursor of vitamin A, which can be converted into vitamin A in the body after taking, and can be used to prevent and treat vitamin A deficiency.
Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅰ) -- alkaloids
Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅱ) -- glycosides
Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅲ) -- other categories.The first part of this paper is the introduction of the classification of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine..the second part of this paper.The second part is the introduction of the classification of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine and their pharmacological effects