Standard planting is the key
The abuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in the production of some Chinese medicinal materials has affected the quality of Chinese medicinal materials
Recently, chenjiagong, a traditional Chinese medicine doctor in Wafangdian City, Liaoning Province, found that some Angelica sinensis, which is said to come from Minxian County, Gansu Province, is obviously bulky in appearance and has little efficacy. In the process of artificial planting, this kind of Angelica uses a growth regulator, which can grow in oneortwo years, while the traditional Angelica needs to grow for more than five years.
Angelica sinensis is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as a blood tonic, blood activating and cold dispersing medicine. Angelica sinensis is partial to blood tonic in body and partial to blood activating in tail. Produced in Minxian County, Gansu Provinceangelica, known as Qin GUI, is a recognized authentic medicinal material.
After using growth regulators, the yield per unit area of Ophiopogon japonicus can be increased from 300 kg to more than 1000 kg. After using growth regulator, the single yield of Codonopsis pilosula was doubled. The output has increased, but the effective components have generally decreased, some have decreased by half or more, and the efficacy can be imagined.
Planting is the "first workshop" in the Chinese herbal medicine industry. At present, the planting technology of Chinese medicinal materials is relatively backward, the operation and management is extensive, the output is more important than the quality, and the abuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators is common, resulting in the decline of the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, affecting the quality and clinical efficacy of Chinese medicinal materials, and damaging the reputation of Chinese medicine.
Xuejian, a researcher at the Institute of medicinal plants of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, said that the planting of traditional Chinese medicine, like other crops, will be affected by diseases, pests and weeds, and pesticides will inevitably be used. Therefore, the detection of pesticides in medicinal materials is not unexpected. The use of pesticides is not terrible. The terrible thing is the abuse of pesticides.
There are pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine. On the one hand, they are ingested from the environment during the growth of traditional Chinese medicine, on the other hand, they are caused by the unreasonable use of pesticides. Radix astragali, Angelica sinensis, Codonopsis pilosula and other medicinal materials often suffer from numb mouth disease. Nematodes hidden in the soil first bite the epidermal tissue of the root. After bacteria invade, the root begins to rot, resulting in reduced or even no yield. In order to kill pests, some farmers spray pesticides in large quantities.
According to Xue Jian's analysis, the abuse of pesticides includes the wrong pesticide varieties, excessive use amount and times, and the use time and harvest time are too close. The action mechanism and control effect of each pesticide are targeted. If the wrong pesticide is selected, it will not only fail to control diseases and pests, but also increase biological resistance, and waste money will increase the residue for no reason. At present, the country has banned the production and use of a variety of high toxic and high residue pesticides, and most of them are high-efficiency, low toxic and low residue pesticides. However, if the use time is too close to the harvest period and the drug is not degraded in time, the residue will also exceed the standard.
The problem of pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials is also related to the imperfect limit standard. The most authoritative standard of traditional Chinese medicine is the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is continuously revised once every five years. Currently, the 2015 version is used. According to Xuejian, Chinese Pharmacopoeia、 In the green Chinese medicine standard, only the determination and limit standards of more than 10 organochlorine pesticide residues, 5 heavy metals and aflatoxin are stipulated.
According to the law of the people's Republic of China on traditional Chinese medicine, the State encourages the development of standardized cultivation and breeding of traditional Chinese medicine, strictly controls the use of agricultural inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers, prohibits the use of highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides in the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine, supports the breeding of improved varieties of traditional Chinese medicine, and improves the quality of traditional Chinese medicine.
As a big country of traditional Chinese medicine, China continues to regulate the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine. The plan for the protection and development of Chinese medicinal materials (2015-2020) proposes to formulate and revise 120 national standards for Chinese medicinal materials; Improve the safety detection methods and indicators of pesticides, heavy metals, harmful elements and mycotoxins; To establish a database of exogenous harmful substances residues in traditional Chinese medicine. These measures will contribute to the overall improvement of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine.
Genuine medicinal materials cannot be "transplanted"
There are genuine medicinal materials from different places, which cannot be replaced by each other. Genuine medicinal materials will change when they are planted in other places. The quality and effect are not good
Genuine medicinal materials are synonymous with traditional high-quality Chinese medicinal materials in China. There is a folk saying that "non genuine medicinal materials are not prescribed and non genuine medicinal materials are not managed". As the saying goes, "good soil produces good seedlings". According to the nature and taste of each local medicinal material, there are genuine areas. The formation of medicinal properties of traditional Chinese medicine is the result of the comprehensive action of climate, soil, biology and topography. The quality of medicinal materials produced in different places will vary.
Genuine medicinal materials have been confirmed by modern science.Astragalus membranaceusThe real estate area is located in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province. If it is planted in the south of the Yellow River, it will become chicken feet. Not only does the shape of the medicinal materials change, but also the content of the active ingredients is different. According to the latest version of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the content of total astragalus saponins shall not be less than 0.04%, and that of Hunyuan Astragalus saponins shall be more than 0.16%, which may reach 0.38% at most.
Jinshiyuan, a master of traditional Chinese medicine over 90 years old, has been engaged in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time and has a lot of research on genuine medicinal materials. He said that there are genuine medicinal materials from all over the country, which cannot be replaced by each other. Genuine medicinal materials will change when they are planted in other places. The quality and effect are not good.
Of the more than 500 commonly used Chinese medicinal materials in China, about 300 have been artificially planted. According to incomplete statistics, in 2017, the total planting area of traditional Chinese medicine in China has reached 67.9917 million mu. From wild to planting, many Chinese medicinal materials have gone out of the real estate area to realize "planting Southern medicine in the north" or "planting western medicine in the East". Driven by economic interests, the production areas changed passively, and the real estate areas were replaced by the so-called emerging production areas. Although the output of some varieties of medicinal materials is very high, the qualified rate of medicinal materials has not been significantly improved, resulting in a large waste of resources.
"Traditional Chinese medicine has its own strict growth environment, which should not go against the law of plant growth." xiaoyongqing, chief researcher of the Chinese Academy of traditional Chinese medicine, said that the greater the difference between the geographical and climatic environment of the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine and the real estate, the greater the difference in the quality of traditional Chinese medicine. The main reason is that the growth period is insufficient and excessive field management is used to "accelerate" the growth of medicinal materials. In some places, in order to meet the requirements of drug standards for qualitative and quantitative components of medicinal materials, plant genes are changed and "targeted cultivation" is carried out to improve the content of specific components. Take Salvia miltiorrhiza as an example. The specially cultivated Salvia miltiorrhiza has a high content of tanshinone II, but this Salvia miltiorrhiza is not Salvia miltiorrhiza in the sense of traditional Chinese medicine, and can only be called as the raw material of extract.
Huangluqi, an academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering and executive vice president of the Chinese Academy of traditional Chinese medicine, said that the state is organizing the preparation of the construction plan for the production base of traditional Chinese medicine, especially genuine traditional Chinese medicine. It is suggested that the production layout of traditional Chinese medicine should be optimized according to the principle of "orderly, effective and safe". It is encouraged to give priority to the development of genuine high-quality traditional Chinese medicine in genuine real estate areas and main production areas, and restrict the blind introduction of traditional Chinese medicine.
At present, the Ministry of agriculture and rural areas plans to formulate the national plan for the construction of genuine medicinal material production bases (2018-2025), guide the construction of a number of genuine medicinal material production bases with a long history, distinctive characteristics and outstanding advantages, and make greater efforts to promote the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry and improve the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of traditional Chinese medicine.
Seeds are the source of quality
The degradation of Chinese medicinal materials and the poor quality of seeds and seedlings are not conducive to the healthy development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry
Three farmers in Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province jointly set up a company. They contracted 700 mu of land and sowed Fangfeng and black Bupleurum. They wanted to make a good profit, but they didn't germinate after sowing. The germination rate promised by the seed company was 80%, but it was only 10%. According to the judgment of the county court, the seed company compensated for the loss of land lease and the seed money.
Huangluqi pointed out that the market supervision system for seeds and seedlings of traditional Chinese medicine is not strict, and the interests of many pharmaceutical farmers are difficult to protect. At present, problems such as degradation of Chinese medicinal materials and poor quality of seeds and seedlings are widespread, which seriously restricts the healthy development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Good seedlings are good medicinal materials. Seeds are the source of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine. For a long time, the seeds and seedlings of traditional Chinese medicine have been in the original cycle of "harvesting in place - keeping in place - replanting in place", and "selecting only seeds but not sterility". In addition, due to the unclear provenance and environmental conditions, the stable growth performance and medicinal performance of traditional Chinese medicine can not be guaranteed. The germination rate of perennial Astragalus membranaceus and licorice was only about 60%. Amomum villosum is a perennial plant. If it is not screened and purified in time, it is easy to cause germplasm degradation.
Panax notoginseng has settled down in the north, Cordyceps sinensis has been introduced in the field, Rhizoma Coptidis has been cultivated in the plain... Genuine varieties have been mixed and degraded in the process of regional introduction, resulting in the decline of the quality of seeds, seedlings and medicinal materials. Wild germplasm resources have obvious genetic diversity. Different populations and even individuals have great differences in appearance traits and chemical content, resulting in unstable yield and quality. At present, the seed management of traditional Chinese medicine is in a marginal zone, showing a state of mixed germplasm and disordered provenance.
Compared with crop varieties, the standardization of seeds (seedlings) of traditional Chinese medicine lags behind. The standardized planting technology of about 150 kinds of artificially cultivated medicinal materials in China has been studied in the early stage, but no more than 10 kinds of medicinal materials have been cultivated and popularized in production. Only by solving the source problem can we improve the production technology of traditional Chinese medicine, increase the output of traditional Chinese medicine and ensure the production of high-quality traditional Chinese medicine.
According to wangjiyong, general manager of Sinopharm Seed Industry Co., Ltd., at present, many Chinese herbal medicine seeds traded in the market are in the state of no packaging, no logo and no instructions. It is difficult to distinguish the true and false seeds, the advantages and disadvantages are unclear, the quality management consciousness is weak, and the technical means of quality control are lacking. There are no more than 20 enterprises with professional qualifications for seeds and seedlings of traditional Chinese medicine in China, and few of them can operate normally. The traditional Chinese medicine seed industry needs the state to issue supporting policies to guide enterprises to carry out standardized seed industry management and improve the current situation of the industry.
For a long time, traditional Chinese medicine has been cultivated as a general crop, but it is far behind the crop management system. Article 93 of the seed law, which was formally implemented on January 1st, 2016, stipulates that "the management, breeding, production, operation and management of germplasm resources of grass, tobacco, traditional Chinese medicine and edible fungi shall be carried out according to this law." so far, the seeds of traditional Chinese medicine have been included in the scope of seed law management.
Huangluqi suggested that laws and regulations on seed quality management of traditional Chinese medicine should be established as soon as possible. With the seed law as the core, a special system of laws and regulations including the seed law, administrative regulations, local regulations, administrative rules, normative documents and so on should be formed to control the quality of traditional Chinese medicine from the source.
Huangluqi said that the purity of seedling base and excellent genetic characters are the fundamental guarantee for the production of high-quality medicinal materials. Increasing support for the breeding and promotion of new varieties of traditional Chinese medicine, formulating industry standards for seeds and seedlings of traditional Chinese medicine, building a national integrated supply guarantee platform for seeds and seedlings of traditional Chinese medicine, and ensuring the continuous and stable supply of high-quality seed sources will be important tasks for the future seed industry of traditional Chinese medicine.
Original title: People's daily inquires about the quality of Chinese medicinal materials (Chinese) | genuine medicinal materials are valued in "authentic"
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