1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Rhizoma Cyperi
This product is the dried rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L. Harvest and dig in autumn, remove hair and whiskers by burning, boil in boiling water or evaporate thoroughly and then dry, or directly dry after burning.
[properties] this product is mostly spindle shaped, some slightly curved, 2-3.5cm long, 0.5-1cm in diameter. The surface is brown or dark brown, with longitudinal wrinkles, and 6-10 slightly raised links. There are uncleaned brown hairs and fibrous root broken marks on the nodes; . Hard, yellow brown or reddish brown section after cooking, horny like; The cross-section of the sun exposed person is white and powdery, the inner layer has obvious rings, the middle column is dark, and the punctate vascular bundles are scattered. It smells fragrant and tastes slightly bitter.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is light brown. The secretory cells are round in shape, 35-72 μ m in diameter, containing light yellowish brown to reddish brown secretions, surrounded by 5-8 cells in a radial ring. Epidermal cells are polygonal, often with hypodermal fibers and thick walled cells. The lower skin fibers are in bundles, dark brown or reddish brown, 7-22 μ m in diameter, and the wall is thick. . Stone cells are few, square like, round like or polygonal like, with thick walls.
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 5ml of diethyl ether, place for 1 hour, shake constantly, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 0.5ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue as the test solution. In addition, take α - cyperone reference substance and add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), absorb 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use dichloromethane ethyl acetate glacial acetic acid (80:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under UV light (254nm). ; Spray with dinitrophenylhydrazine test solution, place for a moment, and the spots gradually change to orange red.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 13.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 4.0% (general rule 2302).
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 15.0%.
[content determination] the volatile oil shall be determined according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 1.0% (ml/g).
Decoction pieces
[processing] Rhizoma Cyperi is used to remove hairs and impurities, cut into thick pieces or grind.
This product is irregular thick tablets or granules. The outer skin is tan or dark brown, and sometimes links are visible. The cut surface is white or yellowish brown in color, hard in texture, and the inner layer has obvious rings. It smells fragrant and tastes slightly bitter.
[extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, which shall not be less than 11.5%.
[identification] (2) [inspection] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
Take slices (granules) of Rhizoma Cyperi with vinegar and fry them dry according to the vinegar roasting method (general rule 0213).
This product is shaped like aconite tablets (granules), and its surface is dark brown. It has slight vinegar aroma and bitter taste.
[extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, which shall not be less than 13.0%.
[content determination] the content of volatile oil in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 0.8% (ml/g).
[identification] [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, slightly bitter, slightly sweet, and flat. Return to liver, spleen and triple energizer channels.
[functions and indications] soothe the liver and relieve depression, regulate qi and relieve pain. It is used for liver depression and qi stagnation, chest and flank pain, hernia pain, breast pain, spleen and stomach qi stagnation, epigastric fullness, fullness pain, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea.
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[storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of Cyperus rotundus

. The volatile oil contains β - pinene and camphorene,Cineole, limonene, p-cymene, apigenin, β - apigeninα - cyperone、 β - cyperone. Green leaf terpene ketone, α-CyperolAnd β - cyperol, cyperol, isocyperol, cubadiene, epoxy cyperol, cyperol ketone, cyperol ketone, cortisone and isocortisone, 4 α, 5 α - epoxy-11-en-3 α - eucalyptol, cyperol-2,5,8-triol, etc. It is also reported that the volatile oil contains cumene, aconite, β - elemene, syringene, Cyperus alcohol, and aconite-2-one-8-ol acetate. The rhizome also contains rhamnetin-3-o-rhamnosyl (1-4) - rhamnopyranoside.

3、 Pharmacological action of Rhizoma Cyperi

1. effect on central nervous system:

1.1. synergistic effect of subthreshold dose of pentobarbital: liuguoqing et al reported that mice were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of Rhizoma Cyperi volatile oil 0.03, 0.06, and 0.10ml/kg (1 / 10, 1 / 5, 1 / 3 median lethal dose, respectively). 30 minutes after administration, mice in each group were intraperitoneally injected with subthreshold dose of pentobarbital 20mg/kg. The number of sleeping mice in each group was observed with the disappearance of righting reflex as the sleep index. The results showed that different doses of Cyperus volatile oil could significantly synergize the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital sodium on mice (p< 0.01).

1.2. anesthetic effect on normal rabbits: rabbits were slowly injected with different doses of volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus at 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100mg/kg, and the average anesthetic time was 9.0, 15.0 and 28.5 minutes respectively. The righting reflex disappeared rapidly after administration. In the 0.050mg/kg dose group, the pain reaction and corneal reflex of rabbits were dull, and the auditory reaction existed; The pain reaction and corneal reflex of rabbits in the other two dose groups disappeared completely, and the auditory reaction existed. .

1.3. synergetic scopolamine anesthesia: take the disappearance of righting reflex as the anesthesia index, and observe the average anesthesia time of rabbits in each group. The first group was intravenously injected with 0.075ml/kg volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus, and the righting reflex disappeared. The second group received intracerebroventricular injection of scopolamine. In the third group, volatile oil of Rhizoma Cyperi was intravenously injected with 0.035ml/kg (no righting reflex disappeared), followed by intracerebroventricular injection of scopolamine 2mg/kg. The results showed that the dose of 0.035ml/kg had no anesthetic effect, but could significantly prolong the anesthetic time of scopolamine, but did not affect the depth of anesthesia.

1.4. effect on pentylenetetrazole convulsion: mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1ml/kg (1/3 half lethal dose) of volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus, and 30 minutes after administration, IH pentylenetetrazole 85mg/kg was used to observe the number of clonic convulsions in mice. The results showed that the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus had no protective effect on pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion in mice. .

1.5. antipyretic and analgesic effects: dengsuzhen et al reported that subcutaneous injection of 20% Cyperus alcohol extract into mice could significantly improve the pain threshold of mice. Liuguoqing et al. Used the hot plate method to measure the pain threshold. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1ml/kg volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus, and 10mg/kg salt morphine was intraperitoneally injected as a control. The pain threshold of each mouse was measured at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after administration. The results showed that the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus had no obvious analgesic effect. Gupta MB reported that the analgesic effect of triterpenoids (IV-B) contained in the alcohol extract of Cyperus rotundus 5mg/kg by gavage was equivalent to that of 30mg/kg acetylsalicylic acid. The alcohol extract of Cyperus rotundus has antipyretic effect on the fever of rats caused by yeast injection, and its potency is about 6 times that of sodium salicylate. Its Antipyretic active ingredient is also triterpenoids.

1.6. cooling effect: rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1ml/kg volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus, and 5mg/kg chlorpromazine was injected intraperitoneally as a positive control. The rectal temperature of rats was measured before and after administration. The results showed that the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus could significantly reduce the normal temperature of rats after 30 minutes (p< 0.05), which was stronger than that of chlorpromazine, but the effect was less persistent than that of chlorpromazine, and then the temperature of rats gradually returned to normal.

2. effect on cardiovascular system:
Akperbekova. Ba, a Soviet scholar, reported that the frog's heart could be stopped in systole by subcutaneous injection of Cyperus water or hydrol extract. At a lower concentration, it has cardiotonic effect or heart rate slowing effect on isolated frog heart, as well as on eutopic frog heart, rabbit heart and cat heart. The aqueous solution of total alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phenolic compounds of Cyperus rotundus also has cardiac strengthening and heart rate slowing effects, and has obvious hypotensive effect. Liuguoqing et al studied the effect of volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus on blood pressure in cats. The cats were anesthetized with chloraldose 80mg/kg, and the carotid blood pressure was recorded. The blood pressure of anesthetized cats began to drop 15 seconds after intravenous injection of 0.1ml/kg volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus. After 150 seconds, it was 10.7-13.3kpa lower than normal blood pressure. After 5 minutes, the blood pressure began to rise, and after 8 minutes, the blood pressure basically returned to normal level. . Singh n et al. Injected 20mg/kg of ethanol extract of Rhizoma Cyperi intravenously into anesthetized dogs, and the blood pressure slowly decreased for 0.5-1 H. The ethanol extract did not affect the effect of epinephrine and acetylcholine on blood pressure, but could partially block the effect of histamine.

3. estrogen like effect: Indira m et al reported that the test of ovariectomized rats showed that the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus had mild estrogen like activity. ; When 0.3ml was administered three times, many white blood cells appeared in a large number of keratinocytes. The appearance of white blood cells may be caused by the stimulatory effect of volatile oil. Among the components isolated from the volatile oil, cyperene I has the strongest effect, but it is less effective than the volatile oil itself. When administered intravaginally, volatile oil, cypermene I and cypermethrin can cause epithelial keratinization, while cypermethrin and cypermethrin II have no effect. The effective dose of the active ingredient administered systemically shall not exceed twice the local dose. Therefore, it is believed that these components may belong to proestrogens, which have enhanced activity after transformation in vivo. This effect of Cyperus rotundus is one of the main bases for its treatment of irregular menstruation.

4. effect on uterus: Zhang Fachu and others reported that 5% Cyperus rotundus extract had an inhibitory effect on the isolated uterus of guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs, whether pregnant or not, making its contractility weakened and muscle tension reduced. Its action property is quite similar to that of angelicin, but weak.

5. anti inflammatory effect: Singh n reported that Rhizoma Cyperi alcohol extract 100mg/kg intraperitoneal injection had obvious inhibitory effect on rat foot swelling caused by carrageenan and formaldehyde. This effect is stronger than 5-10mg/kg hydrocortisone. Gupta MB studies have proved that its anti-inflammatory components are triterpenoids. The anti-inflammatory effect of component IV-B on carrageenan induced foot swelling is 8 times stronger than that of hydrocortisone, and the safety range is 3 times larger. It also has inhibitory effect on formaldehyde induced foot swelling. .

6. effect on intestinal tract: liuguoqing et al reported that the isolated intestinal tract of rabbits was prepared according to the conventional method, and the effect of volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus on the isolated intestinal tract was described with a striated drum. The results showed that when the concentration of volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus was 5 μ g/ml, it could inhibit the contraction of intestinal tube, and when the concentration increased to 20 μ g/ml, it had obvious inhibitory effect, reducing the contraction amplitude and tension of intestinal tube. Singh n also reported that the alcohol extract of Cyperus rotundus had a direct inhibitory effect on isolated rabbit ileal smooth muscle at a concentration of 20 μ g/ml.

7. antibacterial effect: in vitro test, the volatile oil of Cyperus rotundus has inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, but has no effect on other bacteria. The antibacterial effect of cypermene Ⅰ and Ⅱ was stronger than that of volatile oil, and it was also effective against Shigella sonnei. Hydrogenation does not affect its antibacterial effect. Cyperone was completely ineffective. Cyperus rotundus extract also has inhibitory effect on some fungi.

8. other effects: Cyperus alcohol extract has a protective effect on bronchial spasm in guinea pigs caused by histamine spray. The main prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor in Rhizoma Cyperi is a-cyperone.