1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Amomum villosum
This product is the dried and mature fruit of ginger plant Amomum villosum lour., Amomum villosum our.var.xanthioides t.l.wu et senjen or Amomum longiligulare t.l.wu. The fruits are harvested when they are ripe in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun or at low temperature.
[character] Amomum villosum and green shell sand are oval or ovoid, with inconspicuous trigonoids, 1.5 ~ 2cm long and 1 ~ 1.5cm in diameter. The surface is brown, densely spiny, with perianth residues at the top, and often fruit stalks at the base. . The seeds are clustered into clusters, with three blunt edges and a white septum in the middle. The seed cluster is divided into three petals, each of which has 5-26 seeds. The seed is irregular polyhedron, with a diameter of 2-3mm; the surface is brownish red or dark brown, with fine wrinkles, and is covered with light brown membranous pseudoseed coat; It is hard and the endosperm is gray white. The smell is fragrant and strong, and the taste is pungent, cool and slightly bitter.
Hainan sand is oblong or ovoid, with obvious trigonous ribs, 1.5-2CM long and 0.8-1.2cm in diameter. Its surface is covered with flaky, branched soft spines, and its base has fruit stalk marks. The peel is thick and hard. The seed mass is small, with 3-24 seeds per petal; The seed diameter is 1.5 ～ 2mm. The smell is slight.
[identification] (1) cross section of Amomum villosum seed: sometimes the aril remains. ; 1 column of lower skin cells, containing brown or reddish brown substance. The oil cell layer is a row of oil cells, 76-106 μ m long and 16-25 μ m wide, containing yellow oil droplets. The pigment layer is a series of brown cells, which are polygonal and irregularly arranged. The endocarp is a row of grid shaped thick walled cells, yellowish brown, extremely thick inner and lateral walls, small cells, containing siliceous blocks. The ectosperm cells contain starch granules and a few fine calcium oxalate crystals. Endosperm cells contain fine aleurone particles and fatty oil droplets.
. The thick walled cells of the endoderm are reddish brown or yellowish brown, polygonal on the surface, thick walled, non lignified, and contain siliceous masses in the lumen; The cross-sectional view shows a row of grid cells, with extremely thick inner and lateral walls, and the outer side of the cell cavity, containing siliceous blocks. The epidermal cells of the seed coat are yellowish, long and strip-shaped on the surface, and often arranged vertically with the upper and lower layers of the lower coat cells; The lower skin cells contain brown or reddish brown substances. The pigment layer cells are shrunk, with unclear boundaries, and contain reddish brown or dark brown substances. The ectosperm cells are oblong or irregular, filled with starch clusters formed by fine starch grains, and some are embedded with fine calcium oxalate crystals. Endosperm cells contain fine aleurone particles and fatty oil droplets. The oil cells are colorless and thin walled, with occasional oil droplets scattered.
(2) . In addition, take borneol acetate reference substance and add ethanol to make a solution containing 10 μ m per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 1 μ m each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use cyclohexane ethyl acetate (22:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray with 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat until the spots are clear. .
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 15.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
[content determination] the volatile oil shall be determined according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204). The volatile oil content of Amomum villosum and amomum glaucosum seed mass shall not be less than 3.0% (ml/g); The volatile oil content of Hainan sand seed mass shall not be less than 1.0% (ml/g).
Borneol acetate was determined by gas chromatography (general rule 0521).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test db-1 capillary column (100% dimethyl polysiloxane as stationary phase) (column length: 30m, inner diameter: 0.25mm, membrane thickness: 0.25 μ m); The column temperature was 100 ℃, the injection port temperature was 230 ℃, and the detector (FID) temperature was 250 ℃; The split ratio was 10:1. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 10000 according to the peak of borneol acetate.
Preparation of reference solution take appropriate amount of borneol acetate reference substance, weigh accurately, add absolute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.3mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test solution take about 1g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of absolute ethanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, sonicate (power 300W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, make up the lost weight with absolute ethanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
Determination method precisely suck 1 μ l of the reference solution and 1 μ l of the test solution into the gas chromatograph for determination.
According to the calculation of dry product, the content of borneol acetate (c12h2o2) shall not be less than 0.90%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] remove impurities. Mash when needed.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, warm. Return to spleen, stomach and kidney meridians.
[functions and indications] it can relieve dampness and appetizer, warm the spleen to stop diarrhea, regulate qi and soothe the fetus. It is used for damp and turbid obstruction, epigastric fullness without hunger, deficiency and cold of spleen and stomach, vomiting and diarrhea, malignant obstruction of pregnancy, and restless fetal movement.
[usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G, rear lower.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of Amomum villosum

1. Amomum villosum, the seed kernel contains volatile oil. After identification, the components areBorneol acetate(bornyl acetate)， （borneol）, β - elemene, β - caryophyllene, β - bergamotene, α - thujene, myrcene, α - phellandrene,Linalool(linalool), α -farnesene, β -farnesene, humulene, β -bisabolene, γ -cadinene,palmitic acid(palmitic acid) and nearly 30 species. The fruit contains a variety of trace elements (ug/g): zinc 64.2, copper 8.8, iron 44.0, manganese 138.0, diamond 0.10, chromium 1.2, molybdenum 1.15, nickel 6.69, titanium 0.95, vanadium 0.09, etc; .
2. Amomum villosum fruit contains volatile oil, and its components are: nerolidol 14.87%, camphor 17.65%,Borneol acetate12.79%，Linalool7.86%，Borneol. 15%, limonene 1.15%, β - pinene 0.01%, etc; It also contains 2-spinanol glucosides with sedative effect, such as amonumoside, and a variety of trace elements (μ g/g): zinc 87.6, copper 10.2, iron 74.7, manganese 921, chromium 2.84, molybdenum 4.11, titanium 3.13, vanadium 0.47, nickel 0.90, drill 0.12, etc.
,Linalool, limonene, camphorene,Borneol acetate. A variety of trace elements (μ g/g): zinc 81.7, copper 8.3, iron 65.0, manganese 312.7, chromium 1.19, molybdenum 0.1, vanadium 0.15, titanium 1.90, etc.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Amomum villosum

1. effect on digestive system:
. Results yangchunsha Decoction (2.5-5 × 10 (-3) g crude drug /ml) can strengthen the contraction of small intestine in guinea pigs and rats. When the dose is increased, it can inhibit the intestinal tract, reduce the performance tension and amplitude. Yangchunsha decoction has a partial inhibitory effect on the tension and tetanic contraction of small intestine in rats caused by acetylcholine and barium chloride. The volatile part of Amomum villosum (1.3 × l0 (-3) g crude drug /ml) can slightly excite the rabbit intestinal tract, and then turn into obvious inhibition. The tension decreases, the contraction frequency slows down, and the amplitude decreases. With different concentrations, it can partially or completely antagonize the excitation or spasm of the intestinal tract caused by acetylcholine and BaCl2.

1.2. effect on intestinal propulsive movement: mice weighing 20-24g were randomly divided into two groups. The administration group was given Amomum villosum Decoction (0.5g/kg) and the control group was given distilled water. The length of charcoal reaching the intestinal segment / the percentage of the whole intestinal tract was measured and calculated to measure the functional state of intestinal propulsive movement. Results compared with the control group (62.5 ± 2.9), the p< in the administration group was 82.2 ± 4.4%; .

2. effect on platelet aggregation function: Rabbit weight (2.0-2.6kg), 3-4 rabbits in each group. The administration group was divided into two dose groups, oral Amomum villosum 0.6 and 1.2g/kg, respectively, and the control group was given the same dose of solvent. At 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after administration, blood samples were collected from the carotid artery, and PrP and PPP were prepared by centrifugation. Platelet aggregation rate (%) was determined on a platelet aggregation instrument using ADP as the aggregating agent. The results showed that Amomum villosum could significantly inhibit platelet aggregation.

3. effect on acute death of mice induced by arachidonic acid: mice (weight 20-22g), 10 in each group, the two administration groups were orally administered with Amomum villosum 0.6 and 1.2g/kg, and the control group was orally administered with equal volume solvent. . Results two and one mice died in the 0.6 and 1.2g/kg dose groups, respectively, compared with the control group (7 mice died), P < 0.001, indicating that Amomum villosum has obvious protective effect on acute death of mice induced by arachidonic acid.

4. effect on acute death of mice induced by the mixture of collagen and epinephrine: 10 mice in each group (weight 20-22g), 0.6 and 1.2g/kg Amomum villosum were gavaged in the two drug groups, and the control group was given equal volume solvent. After 1.5 hours, the mice were intravenously injected with the mixture of collagen and epinephrine, and the death of mice was observed within 15 minutes. Results three and two mice died in the high-dose and low-dose groups, respectively, compared with the control group (8 mice died), P< 0.05 and p< 01, indicating that Amomum villosum has obvious effect on resisting the acute death of mice induced by collagen and epinephrine.