1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of scholar
    . Harvest when the peel turns purple and black in autumn, remove impurities and dry.
[properties] the product is oval or oval, with 5 longitudinal edges, occasionally 4-9 edges, 2.5-4cm long, about 2cm in diameter. The surface is dark brown to purple black, smooth, and slightly shiny. The top is narrow and sharp, the base is blunt and round, and there are obvious round fruit stem scars. The material is hard, and the cross section is mostly in the shape of a five pointed star, with a thick shell at the edges and corners, and a quasi circular cavity in the middle. The seeds are oblong or spindle shaped, about 2cm long and LCM in diameter; The surface is brown or dark brown, with many longitudinal wrinkles; ; Cotyledons 2, yellowish white, oily, with cracks on the cross section. It smells slightly fragrant and tastes slightly sweet.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is brown. . The pericarp has numerous lignified cells, spindle shaped, oval like or irregular, mostly broken, slightly thick walls, and dense pits. The epidermal cells of pericarp are yellowish brown and polygonal in appearance. The epidermal cells of seed coat are yellow to yellowish brown, with a quasi rectangular or polygonal surface, and some contain yellowish brown substances. The fiber diameter is 7-34 µ m, mostly in bundles. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals, 5-49 µ m in diameter, are scattered or present in cotyledon cells.
(2) Take LG of the product powder, add 20ml of diethyl ether, sonicate for 10 minutes, filter, volatilize the filtrate, and dissolve the residue with 2ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Another 1g of the control medicinal material of semen Scutellariae was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
[inspection]
Aflatoxin was determined according to the aflatoxin assay (general rule 2351).
.
[content determination] determine according to high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test amino bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile water (80:20) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 265nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the trigonelline peak.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of trigonelline reference, weigh accurately, add 50% methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test sample solution take about 0.5g of seed powder (through No. 2 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 20ml of 50% methanol, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 33khz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 50% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 µ l of the reference solution and 10 µ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
The content of trigonelline (C7H7NO2) in the seeds of this product shall not be less than 0.20%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] use gentleman to remove impurities. Mash when needed.
[character], [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
Clean the scholar with benevolence and remove the shell.
The product is long oval or spindle shaped, about 2cm long and LCM in diameter. The surface is brown or dark brown, with many longitudinal wrinkles. Seed coat is easy to peel, cotyledons 2, yellowish white, oily, with cracks on the cross section. It smells slightly fragrant and tastes slightly sweet.
[identification] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
Stir fry shijunren, take shijunren, stir fry according to the clear stir fry method (general rule 0213) until fragrant.
This product is shaped like a gentleman's benevolence, with a yellowish white surface and many longitudinal wrinkles; Sometimes the brown uncolored seed coat can be seen. It smells fragrant and tastes slightly sweet.
[identification] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, warm. Return to spleen and stomach meridian.
[function and indications] kill insects and eliminate accumulated products. For ascariasis, pinworm disease, abdominal pain caused by insect accumulation, and infantile malnutrition.
[usage and dosage] 9-12g of shijunzi, mash it into the decoction; Shijunjunren 6-9g, multidose pill powder or single use, for 1-2 times. Children should take 1-1.5 capsules per year, fried and chewed, with a total of no more than 20 capsules per day.
[note] do not drink strong tea when taking medicine.
[storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent mold and moth.

2、 Chemical constituents of Chinese scholar

The seeds contain quisqualic acid, potassium quisqualate,D-Mannitol（D-mannitlo)； Fatty oil 23.9%, oil containingMyristic acid（myristic acid)4。5%，palmitic acid（palmitic acid)29.2%， Fatty acids such as stearic acid 9.1%, oleic acid 48.2%, linoleic acid 9.0%; It also contains sterols, mainly phytosterol.
Pulp containsTrigonelline（trigonelline)，Citric acid anhydrous（citric acid)，Succinic acid（succinic acid)， Malic acid, sucrose, glucose; The fatty oil contains 32.0% palmitic acid, 49.0% oleic acid and 0.4% sterols.

3、 Pharmacological action of scholar

1. anti Ascaris effect: shijunzi has a strong inhibitory effect on earthworms, leeches, Ascaris lumbricoides and so on in vitro test. It has been reported that 10% aqueous extract of shijunzi can make earthworms comatose or die within 0.5-2 hours, but 95% ethanol extract is ineffective. Someone tested the insecticidal effect of 50% ethanol extract of 20 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine on Ascaris lumbricoides, earthworms and leeches. The results showed that 8 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine had significant effects, especially the effect of shijunzi. The head tracing experiment of Ascaris lumbricoides showed that the extract of semen Scutellariae had a strong effect of paralyzing the head of Ascaris lumbricoides. Before paralysis, there was often a stimulus phenomenon first. Its effective ingredient was water-soluble. High concentration alcohol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts were ineffective, and the ash of semen Scutellariae was also ineffective. It is generally believed that the effective ingredient of the scutellaria root is the potassium scutellaria root. Potassium hybridate has obvious inhibitory effect on the whole Ascaris lumbricoides in vitro, but it cannot kill it. The shijunsuan extracted by the Japanese from Mao shijunzi also has obvious effects on Ascaris lumbricoides, and can cause the overall movement disorder of Ascaris lumbricoides. Its minimum effective concentration is 1:1000. However, some people once obtained pyridine and its analogues from shijunzi, the content of which is about 1 / 1000, and pyridines have insecticidal and insect repellent effects, so it is believed that shijunzi's anti Ascaris effect may also be related to this. In addition, it was reported that the mixture of castor oil and scholar's stone oil also has obvious anti Ascaris effect on humans and animals.

2. pinworm repellent effect: the experimental results of mice naturally infected with pinworm showed that the combination of shijunzi powder, shijunzi powder and Stemona powder had a certain pinworm repellent effect. For larvae, shijunzi powder was ineffective, but the combination of shijunzi powder and Stemona powder had a slight effect.

3. anti dermatophyte effect: shijunzi water extract has different degrees of inhibitory effect on dermatophytes such as Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton concentric, Xanthomonas schrenckii, P. audouang, P. ferruginosa, P. laniformis, P. inguinal epidermis, P. astrosus and other dermatophytes in vitro.

4. other effects: shijunzi powder has a certain effect of driving pinworms against naturally infected mouse pinworm disease. When combined with Baibu powder, the efficacy is better than that when used alone, and it also has a slight effect on larvae. The water extract (1:3) has some inhibitory effects on some skin fungi in the test tube. Anti intestinal parasites: 36% concentration of water extract or ethanol extract can paralyze Ascaris lumbricoides cultivated in vitro for 5 minutes; ; The 100% prodrugs of semen Polygoni, shell and leaf had a paralytic effect on earthworms, and the effect of leaf was stronger than that of kernel and shell, but the toxicity was less; 0.1% potassium tetrachlorite can kill earthworms within 8 hours, and also inhibit Ascaris lumbricoides.