Cardamom cardamom l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttallii l.var.nuttall
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of cardamom         This product is the dried and mature fruit of Amomum Kravanh Pierre ex gagnep. or Amomum compact Soland ex maton, a Zingiberaceae plant. .
        [character]   Protocardamom is spherical in shape, with a diameter of 1.2-1.8cm. The surface is yellowish white to yellowish brown, with 3 deep longitudinal grooves, a raised stigma at the top, a concave fruit stalk mark at the base, and light brown villi at both ends. ; The seeds are irregular polyhedron, slightly uplifted on the back, 3-4mm in diameter, dark brown on the surface, wrinkled, and covered with residual aril. It smells fragrant and tastes spicy and cool, slightly like camphor.
        Indonesian Cardamom is slightly smaller. The surface is yellowish white, and some are slightly purple brown. The peel is thin and the seed is thin. The smell is weak.
        [identification] (1) the powder of this product is grayish brown to brown. The epidermal cells of seed coat are light yellow, and they are long strip on the surface, and are often vertically arranged with the upper and lower layers of the lower coat cells. The lower skin cells contain brown or reddish brown substances. The pigment layer cells are mostly shrunk and contain dark red brown substances. Oil cells are round or oblong, containing yellow green oil droplets. The thick walled cells of the endoderm are yellowish brown, reddish brown or dark brown, and appear polygonal on the surface, with thick walls and siliceous masses in the lumen; The cross-sectional view shows a row of grid cells. .
        (2) According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of the test solution and the reference solution under the item of Eucalyptus oleoresin [content determination], respectively, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use cyclohexane dichloromethane ethyl acetate (15:5:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray with 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, and inspect the pieces immediately. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
        [check]   The impurity of cardamom should not exceed 1%; Indonesian cardamom shall not exceed 2% (general rule 2301).
        Moisture content of cardamom shall not exceed 11.0%; Indonesian cardamom shall not exceed 12.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
        [content determination]   Take an appropriate amount of cardamom kernel for volatile oil, weigh 30-50g after mashing, and determine according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
        The volatile oil content of cardamom seed shall not be less than 5.0% (ml/g); .
        Eucalyptus oil was determined by gas chromatography (general rule 0521).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test methyl silicone rubber (SE-54) was used as the stationary phase. Coating concentration 10%; The column temperature is 110 ℃. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 1000 according to the eucalyptus oil peak.
        Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of Eucalyptus oleoresin reference, weigh accurately, add n-hexane to make a solution containing 25mg per 1ml.
        Preparation of test solution take about 5g of cardamom seed powder (through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a round bottomed flask, add 200ml of water, connect the volatile oil detector, add water to 3ml of the scale from the upper end of the detector, add 2 ～ 3ml of n-hexane, connect the reflux condensation pipe, heat to slightly boiling, keep for 2 hours, cool, take n-hexane solution, filter through a funnel paved with about 1g of anhydrous sodium sulfate, place the filtrate in a 5ml measuring flask, wash the inner wall of the volatile oil detector with a small amount of n-hexane, incorporate the washing solution into the same measuring flask, dilute to the scale with n-hexane, shake well, filter, take filtrate, i.e.
        The determination method is to precisely suck 1 μ l of the reference solution and 1 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the gas chromatograph, and determine.
        According to the dried product, the Eucalyptus oleoresin (C10H18O) content of cardamom kernel shall not be less than 3.0%.
        Decoction pieces
        [processing]   Remove impurities. Mash when needed.
        ; Same as medicinal materials.
        [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Xin, Wen. Return to lung, spleen and stomach meridian.
        ; It can dissipate dampness and promote qi circulation, warm the body and stop vomiting, and appetize and dissipate food. .
        [usage and dosage]   3～6g， Posterior inferior.
        ; Sealed, placed in a cool and dry place, moth proof.


2、 Chemical constituents of cardamom
Seeds contain flavonoids:quercetin (quprcetin)，Kaempferol(kaempferol)，Rhamnetin(rhamnocitrin)，Arbutin(kumatakenin)，Kaempferol(alpinetin)，Cardamom(cardamonin) ，Qiaosongsu(pinocembrin)； Diphenylheptane compounds: (5R) - trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy - Δ 6-hepten-en-3-one [(5R) -trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hy-droxy-6-hepten-3-one], (3S, 5S) - trans-1,7-diphenyl-3,5-dihydroxy - Δ 1-hepten [(3S, 5S) - trans-1,7-diphenyl-3,5-dihydroxy-1-heptene], trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy -Δ 1-heptene (trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-1-heptene), trans, trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy - Δ 4, 6-heptadien-3-one (trans, trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6-heptadien-3-one), (3S, 5R) - 3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptane [(3S, 5R) - 3,5-dihydroxylheptane], trans, trans-1,7-diphenyl - Δ 4,6-heptadien-3-one). The volatile oil of semen tumefaciens contains trans cinnamaldehyde, trans farnesol,Cineole(1,8-cineole), α - humulene,Linalool(linalool)，camphor(camphor)，α - terpineol(terpineol-4)， Carvotanacetate, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, methyl cinnamate,Nerolidol(netolidol)， Camphorene, limonene, α -pinene, β -pinene,Borneol(borneol)。 It also contains trace elements (μ g/g): copper (Cu) 6.94, iron (FE) 54.7, manganese (MN) 144.

The rhizome contains dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain and 5,6-dehydrokawain.

3、 Pharmacological action of cardamom
1. cardamom decoction can excite the isolated intestine of guinea pigs at low concentration, while it can inhibit both the concentration above 1% and the saturated aqueous solution of volatile oil.

2. Pavlovian small stomach test was used. 60-80ml of 10% aqueous extract of cardamom was poured into the main stomach, and the secretion of small stomach was measured. The results showed that it had no effect on the total acid output of the stomach, but significantly increased the activity of pepsin.

In 1979, itokawah et al reported that the ethanol extract of cardamom Amomum seed had no antagonistic effect on mouse ascites sarcoma 180.

In 1980, lizailu et al reported that the extract of cardamom had no obvious effect on total acid excretion, but significantly increased pepsin activity through chronic pharmacological experiments in dogs with three pass Pavlovian stomachs.