pepper
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Zanthoxylum bungeanum         This product is the dried and mature peel of Zanthoxylum schinifolium sieb. et zucc. or Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim., a Rutaceae plant. Mature fruits are harvested in autumn, dried in the sun, and seeds and impurities are removed.
        [character]   Green peppers are mostly 2-3 small free follicles on the upper part, which are concentrated on the small fruit stalk. The follicles are spherical, dehiscent along the abdominal suture, and have a diameter of 3-4mm. The outer surface is grayish green or dark green, with many oil spots and fine reticular ridges scattered; The inner surface is off white and smooth. The endocarp is often separated from the exocarp by the base. . It smells sweet and pungent.
          ; The inner surface is light yellow. The aroma is strong, spicy and lasting.
        [identification] (1) green pepper powder is dark brown. . The endocarp cells were mostly long strip-shaped or quasi rectangular, with thickened walls, obvious pore grooves, mosaic arrangement or up and down staggered arrangement. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are occasionally seen, with a diameter of 15 ～ 28 μ M.
          Pepper powder is yellowish brown. The pericarp epidermal cell wall was beaded thickened. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are more common, with a diameter of 10 ～ 40 μ M.
        (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 10ml of diethyl ether, shake it fully, soak it overnight, filter it, and volatilize the filtrate to 1ml as the test solution. Another 2G of Zanthoxylum bungeanum reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same red fluorescent main spot appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
        [content determination]   Determine according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
        The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 1.5% (ml/g)|
        Decoction pieces
        [processing]   Zanthoxylum bungeanum is used to remove impurities such as pepper mesh and fruit stalk.
        Stir fry Chinese prickly ash, remove the pepper and stir fry it according to the clear method (general rule 0213) until fragrant.
        [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Xin, Wen. Return to spleen, stomach and kidney meridians.
        ; . It is used for abdominal cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea, insect accumulation and abdominal pain; External treatment for eczema and Yin itching.
        [usage and usage]   3 ～ 6G. For external use, use appropriate amount, fry the soup, smoke and wash.
        ; Place in a ventilated and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Zanthoxylum bungeanum
1. limonene is the main component of the volatile oil in Zanthoxylum bungeanum peel, accounting for 25.10% of the total oil,Cineole(1,8-cineole) accounted for 21.79%, myrcene accounted for 11.99%, and also contained a- and β - pinene, sabinene, β - phellandrene, β - ocimene-x, p-cymene, a-terpinene,Perillaene（perillene），Linalool（l8inalool）， Ter-pinen-4-ol, estragole,A-terpineol（a-terpineol）， Trans caryophlene, Terpinyl Acetate, humulene, neryl acetate, β -cadinene, geranyl acetate, neroklidol isomer, etc. The peel also contains kokusaginine,Colocasine（skimmianine），Rutine monophylla（haplopine）， 2 '- hydroxy-n-isobutyl [2e, 6e, 8e, 10e]- dodecatetraenamide [2' - hydroxy-n-isobutyl-[2e, 6e, 8e, 10e]-dodecatatraenamide],Green pepper baseSchinifoline is n-methyl-2-heptyl-4-guinoli-none,Methoxycoumarin（herniarin），N-octadecane（nonacosane）。 4-terpineol accounted for 13.46%, Piperitone accounted for 10.64%, linalool accounted for 9.10%, sabinene accounted for 9.7%, limonene accounted for 7.30%, o-cymene accounted for 7.00%, myrcene accounted for 3.00%, and a- and β - pinene accounted for the most,A-terpineolEt al. In the volatile oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds, the main component is linalool accounting for 18.5%, followed by myrcene accounting for 10.2% and tert butylbenzene accounting for 11.8%, as well as sabinene, a-pinene, limonene, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane [1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2.2.2]octane],A-terpineol, peppermint ketone, (E) - 3-isopropyl-6-oxo-2-heptenal [(E) - 3-isopropyl-6-oxo-2-heptenal], (E) - 8-methyl-5-isopropyl-6, 8-nonadien-2-one [(E) -8-methyl-5isopropyl-6, 8-nonadiene-2-one], 4- (2,2-dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexyl) - 3-butane-2-one [4- (2,2-dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohelohe]xyl) - 3-buten-2-one), a-hydroxy-4, 6-dimethoxyacetophenone, 1,1-dimethyl-4, 4-diallyl-5-oxo-2-cycloethylene (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-diallyl-5-oxocyclohex-2-one), β - gurjunene, Longifolene, a-farnesene, γ - cadinene, clovene.
2. the main component of the volatile oil in green pepper peel is AI Cao Nao (75.73%), which also contains myrcene, limonene, a- and β - carvacene, a- and β - pinene, sabinene, β - ocimene-x, β - ocimene-y,Cineole， A-terpinene, o-methylacetophenone, a-nonanone,Linalool, 4-terpineol,A-terpineol， β - and γ - elemene, trans syringene, 2-undecanone, terpineol acetate, humulene, 1-methoxy-4 - (1-propenyl) benzene [1-methoxy-4- (1-propenyl) benzene], β and δ - piperone,Eugenol（eugenol），Methyl eugenol, nerolidol isomer. In addition, it also contains anethol, anisole and methylpepper. The peel also containsBergamot lactone（bergapten）， Umbelliferone,Colocasine，Green pepper base（schinifoline）。 Green pepper fruit also containsGeranioside（diosmin），Benzoic acid（benzoic acid）。

3、 Pharmacological effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum
1. effect on digestive system:.
1.1. effect on experimental gastric ulcer: the water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum at 5 and 10g / kg had significant anti ulcer effect on water immersion stress in mice, while the ether extract had only inhibitory tendency. The water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (10g / kg) significantly inhibited the formation of ulcers in mice induced by indomethacin plus ethanol, but the inhibition rate (22%) was not high. The ether extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (3.0ml / kg) significantly inhibited the formation of hydrochloric acid ulcer in rats (P < 0.01). .
1.2. effects on serum GPT and got in rats with acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride Zanthoxylum bungeanum water extract 5.0g / kg could antagonize the effect of carbon tetrachloride on the increase of GPT (P < 0.05 =, and showed a dose-dependent manner, but had no antagonism on the increase of got.
1.3. effect on drug-induced diarrhea in mice: the ether extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (3.0 and 6.0mL / kg) can resist diarrhea in mice caused by castor oil, and the effect is not only rapid, but also lasting. The 3.0ml / kg group could also delay the occurrence of diarrhea for 2 hours (the incidence of 1.2 hours in the control group was 5 / 12 and 11 / 12, respectively, and that in the 3.0ml / kg group was 0 / 12 and 5 / 12, respectively, P < 0.05). Water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (5 or 10g / kg) had anti diarrhea effect induced by senna leaf in mice, and the effect was slow but long-lasting (P < 0.05). 4. effects on the gastrointestinal propulsion of ink in mice the water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (10g / kg) by gavage could significantly inhibit the gastrointestinal propulsion of mice, P＜0.05。
2. effects on experimental thrombosis and coagulation system: the experimental thrombosis in vivo was induced by electrical stimulation of the arterial wall of rats, and its effects on coagulation function were measured simultaneously. The experimental results showed that the water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum at the dose of 10-20g / kg and the ether extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum at the dose of 0.3ml / kg had a significant inhibitory effect on thrombosis in rats (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 =, which could significantly prolong the time of experimental thrombosis, suggesting a role in preventing thrombosis. The water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum at the dose of 10G / kg and ether extract at the dose of 0.15-0.3ml / kg had a certain anticoagulant effect, and the anticoagulant effect of water extract was stronger than that of ether extract. The antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum may be related to the anticoagulant components of platelet function vascular endothelial cells. Because the aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum has obvious inhibitory effects on ADP and collagen induced platelet aggregation, the inhibitory rates are 50.4% and 88.3% respectively. Bergamot lactone contained in this product has certain anticoagulant and hemostatic effects against heparin.
3. analgesic effect: water extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum 5-10g/kg and ether extract of 3.0-6.0ml/kg had obvious inhibitory effect on acetic acid-induced writhing reaction in mice, P < 0.05 for water extract, 3.0ml/kg for ether extract (P < 0.05), and 6.0ml/kg for ether extract (P < 0.01), among which the effect of ether extract was stronger than that of water extract in a dose-dependent manner.
4. bacteriostatic effect: the volatile oil of this product has certain inhibitory and killing effects on 11 dermatophytes and 4 deep fungi, among which Microsporum laniformis and Trichophyton rubrum are the most sensitive, with MIC lower than 0.1hl / ml and MFC 0.1hl / ml. The experiment confirmed that azone and dimethyl sulfoxide could promote the volatile oil into fungal cells and accelerate cell death.
5. anthelmintic effect: the volatile oil contained in Zanthoxylum bungeanum can seriously poison Ascaris lumbricoides in the heat preservation Ren's solution.
6. other effects: the indrine contained in this product has ephedrine like effects, but its intensity is weak. It can increase the blood pressure of anesthetized cats, enhance the contraction of the blink membrane, strengthen the effect of epinephrine on blood pressure and uterus, strengthen the contraction of the eutopic uterus of cats or rabbits, inhibit the contraction of the small intestine and expand the coronary blood vessels, improve the tension of striated muscles, and strengthen the excitability of spinal cord reflex. It has strong antibacterial effect.