Notopterygium Incisum
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of notopterygium Incisum         This product is the dried rhizome and root of notopterygium Incisum Ting ex h, t- Chang or notopterygium franchetii h. de boiss. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove fibrous roots and sediment, and dry in the sun.
        [character] notopterygium Incisum is a cylindrical slightly curved rhizome, 4-13cm long, 0.6-2.5cm in diameter, with stem marks on the top. The surface is brown to dark brown, and the peeling part of the outer skin is yellow. The internodes are shortened and in a tight bulge ring, which looks like silkworms, and is commonly known as "silkworm Qiang"; The internode is elongated and shaped like a bamboo knot, which is commonly known as "bamboo knot Qiang". There are many punctate or tumor like root scars and brown broken scales on the nodes. . It is fragrant, slightly bitter and pungent.
        . The rhizome is cylindrical, with stem and leaf sheath residues at the top, and the rhizome is conical, with longitudinal wrinkles and lenticels; The surface is brown, and there are dense rings near the rhizome. It is 8 ~ 15cm long and 1 ~ 3cm in diameter. It is commonly known as "strip Qiang". Some rhizomes are thick, irregular and nodular, with several stem bases at the top, and the roots are thin, which is commonly known as "big headed Qiang". It is brittle and easy to break, with slightly flat section, light brown skin and yellowish white wood. The smell is light.
        [identification]   Take 1g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, stand still, and take the supernatant as the test solution. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), absorb 2 ～ 4 μ l of each of the above two solutions, respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate prepared with 3% sodium acetate solution, use trichloromethane methanol (8:2) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and check under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same blue fluorescent spot appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample.
        [check]   .
        Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302).
        [characteristic map]   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
        ; Acetonitrile was used as mobile phase a, and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution was used as mobile phase B. gradient elution was performed according to the following table; The column temperature was 25 ℃; The detection wavelength was 246nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 18000 according to the peak of notopterygiol.
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        Time (min) mobile phase a (%)   Mobile phase B (%)
    -------------------------------------
     0～6          48→53     52→47
     6～12           53         47    
    12～20         53→80     47→20
    20～30           80         20    
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        Preparation of control extract solution take 10mg of notopterygium notopterygium control extract, weigh it accurately, put it into a 5ml volumetric flask, add methanol to dissolve it and dilute it to the scale, shake it well.
        Preparation of test solution take the test solution under [content determination].
        The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the control extract solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and record the chromatogram.
        The chromatographic peaks corresponding to the retention time of the four main characteristic peaks in the control extract should be presented in the characteristic map of the test article.
    
        ; According to the hot leaching method under the determination of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
        [content determination]   Volatile oil shall be determined according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
        The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 1.4% (ml/g).
        Notopterygiol and isoimperatorin were determined by HPLC (general rule 0512).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile water (44:56) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 310nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the peak of notopterygiol.
        Preparation of reference solution take appropriate amount of notopterygiol reference substance and isoimperatorin reference substance, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 60 μ g of notopterygiol and 30 μ g of isoimperatorin per 1ml.
        .
        The determination method is to precisely suck 5 μ l of the reference solution and 5 ～ 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
        .
        Decoction pieces
        [processing]   Remove impurities, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
          This product is shaped like a round, irregular cross section or oblique section. The epidermis is tan to dark brown, the outer side of the section is tan, the wood is yellowish white, and some can see radial texture. It is light and brittle. It is fragrant, slightly bitter and pungent.
        [identification], [inspection], [characteristic spectrum], [extract], [content determination]   Same as medicinal materials.
        [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Bitter, bitter, warm. It belongs to bladder and kidney channels.
        ; Relieve exterior cold, dispel wind and dampness, and relieve pain. It is used for cold, headache, rheumatism and shoulder pain.
        [usage and dosage]   3～10g。
        ; Store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths


2、 Chemical constituents of notopterygium Incisum
1. the rhizome of notopterygium Incisum contains coumarin compounds:Isoimperatorin（isoimperatorin0.38%），8-methoxyisoimperatoride（cnidilin0.，Notopterygiol（notopterol1.2%)，Bergamot lactone（bergapten0.009%)， 8- (3,3-dimethylallyl) - 5 demethylvanilloid, namely 5-hydroxy-8 - (3,3-dimethylallyl) - psoralen [5-hydroxy-8 (3,3-dimethylallly) -psoralen, 0.012%], 5-demethylvanillol (bergaptol, 0.088%),Zihuaqianhu aglycone（nodakenetin0.04%)，Praeruptorin(trace amounts of nodakenin), bergaptol-o - β - d-glucopyranoside (0.075%), 6-o-trans-feruloylnodakenin (0.022%) [1], dihydrocarvacrol, dihydrocarvacrolImperatorin（imperatorin)、Isopurple peucedanone（marmesin)[2]； Phenolic compounds: p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate (0.005%)Ferulic acid（ferulic acid0.89%)； Sterols: β - sitosterol glucoside [1],β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol)[2]； The volatile oil (about 2.7%) consists of α - thujene, α and β - pinene, β -ocimene, γ - Terpinene, limonene, 4-terpinenol, bornylacetate, α - (Wanggu) (wangba) ene, β -farnesene, apiol,Guaiacol(guaiol) and benzylbenzoate, etc. [3]; Fatty acids: methyltetradecanoate, 12 methyltetradecanoic acid methyl ester, methylhex decanoate, 4,8,12 trimethyl tridecanoic acid methyl ester, 14 methyl hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, methyl-9-octadecanoate, methyloctadecadecanoate oate), Methyleicosanoate, methyl-11-eicosenoate and other 14 kinds; Amino acids:L-Aspartic acid（L-aspartic acid)， Glutamic acid, arginine,l-leucine （L-leucine)，L-isoleucine（L-isoleucine)，L-valine （L-valine)，L-threonine（L-threonine)，L-phenylalanine(L-phenylalanine) andL-Methionine (l-methylonine) and other 19 species; Sugars, rhamnose, fructose, glucose and sucrose [4]. Notopterygium Incisum also contains phenethyl ferulate [5].2. the underground part of notopterygium Incisum contains coumarin compounds: Berg amottin (bergaptin),Isoimperatorin（0.62%，8-methoxyisoimperatoride(0.024%), 5-hongjixiangqi (0.083%), citrus lactone (0.008%), 8- (3,3-dimethylallyl-5-demethoxycitrus lactone (0.03%),Bergamot phenol（0.026%），Zihuaqianhu aglycone（0.053）%，Praeruptorin(1.2)%, 6-o-trans-feruloyl imperatorin (0.73)%[1], dihydrocarvacrol [5]; Phenolic compounds; ,Ferulic acid(0.83%). It also contains β - sitosterol glucoside [1] and volatile oil. The main components of the volatile oil are α - pinene (36.30%), β - pinene (21.04%), limonene (14.42%), in addition, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, sabinene, camphene, myrcene, α - phellandrene, 3-carene, 2-carene 20 species, such as p-cymene, α, γ - Terpinene, 4-terpineol, bornyl acetate and β -selinene [6].

3、 Pharmacological effects of notopterygium Incisum
1. antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects:.
1.1. effect on the body temperature of yeast induced fever rats: rats were subcutaneously injected with L5% yeast suspension 10ml/kg for 2.5h after fever, and then gavaged with notopterygium volatile oil 1.328ml/kg and 0.133ml/kg, respectively. The body temperature of rats was measured at different times after administration. Results compared with the control, two different ways and different doses of volatile oil can significantly reduce the body temperature of rats, with significant antipyretic effect.
1.2. effect on xylene ear edema in mice: mice were gavaged with 1.328, 0.664, 0.332, 0.221ml / kg of volatile oil of notopterygium Incisum, 0.03ml / mouse of xylene was dripped into the right ear after administration, and the weight difference (mg) of left and right ear pieces was calculated. The results were 6.6 ± 4.40, 7.2 ± 3.16, 7.0 ± 4.21, 15.9 ± 5.28 compared with the control group (12.5 ± 6.01). The first three dose groups were compared with the control group (P < 0.05). It can significantly inhibit xylene ear edema.
1.3. effect of carrageenan foot swelling: rats orally administered with 1.328, 0.664ml / kg or intraperitoneally injected with 0.133, 0.066ml / kg have inhibitory effect on carrageenan (1% 0.1ml) foot swelling. Compared with the control group, the oral 1.328ml / kg group had P < 0.05 at 3 or 4 hours after the injection of carrageenan, the oral 0.664ml / kg group had P < 0.001 at 24 hours, and the intraperitoneal 0.133ml / kg group had P < 0.05 at 24 hours, P＜0.05。
1.4. effect on dextran foot swelling in rats: rats were orally administered with 1.328, 0.664, 0.332ml/kg of volatile oil of notopterygium Incisum, and 0.1ml / rat of 1.2% dextran was injected under the plantar aponeurosis 30 minutes after administration. Results compared with the control group, the inhibitory effect of 1.328ml / kg group was significantly different at 3, 5 and 6 hours (P < 0.05).
2. analgesic effect: mice were orally administered with 1.328ml/kg or intraperitoneally injected with 0.133mi/kg volatile oil of notopterygium Incisum for 3 consecutive days, and the writhing times of 0.2ml/kg of 0.5% acetic acid solution intraperitoneally injected for 0 min were significantly reduced. Compared with the control group, it had a very significant effect, and the P values were all < 0.001. .
3. effect on delayed hypersensitivity induced by 2,4 nitrochlorobenzene (DNCB): mice were gavaged with 1.328ml/kg volatile oil of notopterygium notopterygium or intraperitoneally injected with 0.133ml/kg for 10 consecutive days, which had a certain inhibitory effect on delayed hypersensitivity induced by DNCB. Compared with the control group, the swelling degrees were 2.3 ± 1.96, 1.2 ± 0.76, 1.1 ± 0.85 respectively.
; When the dose was increased to 12g / kg, the effect was decreased (P < 0.05). Oral administration of 10G / kg water-soluble part of notopterygium notopterygium in rats had a significant effect on delaying the occurrence time of arrhythmia induced by intravenous injection of 0.04mg / kg aconitine, P < 0.001 compared with the control group, and the duration of arrhythmia was also significantly shortened, P＜0.001。 Oral administration of 5g/kg water-soluble fraction of notopterygium notopterygium to rabbits can significantly shorten the duration of arrhythmia induced by chloroform epinephrine in rabbits. Notopterygium Incisum, given to mice after ashing, had no obvious effect on the occurrence time and duration of aconitine induced arrhythmia. The water extract of notopterygium wilfordii could not prolong the incubation period and shorten the duration of arrhythmia when given orally to mice at a dose of 10 g / kg. When the dose of 20g / kg was taken orally, it could only shorten the duration of arrhythmia in mice (P < 0.01). Oral administration of 20g / kg water extract of notopterygium Incisum to rats significantly prolonged the occurrence time of ventricular fibrillation induced by calcium chloride, P＜0.01。
5. effects on acute myocardial ischemia and myocardial nutrient blood flow: the volatile oil of notopterygium Incisum was orally administered to rats, and then 0.75u/kg pituitrin was injected via tail vein to cause acute myocardial ischemia. Results: 6% notopterygium volatile oil 0.6g / kg group and 3% notopterygium volatile oil 0.3g / kg group had anti myocardial ischemia effect, P values were < 0.01 and < 0.05 respectively compared with the control group. The effect of notopterygium notopterygium volatile oil on myocardial nutrient blood flow was observed according to the uptake rate of 86Rb by myocardium. Results: the 0.75g / kg dose of 2.5% volatile oil of notopterygium Incisum could significantly increase the myocardial uptake rate of 86Rb, with an increase rate of 21.1% compared with the control group, P＜0.01。