Scrophularia
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Radix Scrophulariae       This product is the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis hemsl. When the stems and leaves wither in winter, dig them, remove the rhizomes, sprouts, fibrous roots and sediment, sun or dry them until they are semi dry, stack them for 3-6 days, and repeat for several times until they are dry.
      [properties] this product is cylindrical, slightly thick in the middle or thick at the top and thin at the bottom, and some are slightly curved, 6-20cm long and 1-3cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal grooves, transverse lenticel like protrusions, sparse transverse cracks and fibrous root marks. It is solid, not easy to break, with black section and slight luster. Qi is like caramel. It tastes sweet and bitter.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cortex is wide, stone cells are scattered individually or in groups of 2-5, polygonal, quasi circular or quasi square, the wall is thick, and the lamination is obvious. . The cambium forms a ring. The xylem has broad rays and many cracks; A few ducts, polygonal like, with a diameter of about 113 µ m, accompanied by wood fibers. Parenchyma cells contain nuclei.
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 25ml of methanol, soak for 1 hour, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 25ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract with water saturated n-butanol twice, 30ml each time, combine n-butanol solution, evaporate to dryness, add 5ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 2G of Radix Scrophulariae reference material was prepared into the reference material solution by the same method. Then take harpagoside reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 µ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use the lower layer solution of chloroform methanol water (12:4:1) as the developing agent, place it in the developing cylinder pre saturated with the developing agent for 15 minutes, develop, take it out, dry it, spray 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, and blow hot air until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 16.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 5.0% (general rule 2302),
      ; Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302)
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 60.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.03% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution as specified in the following table; The detection wavelength was 210nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the peak of harpagoside and harpagoside.
   
        Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of 50% methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, soak it for 1 hour, sonicate it (power 500W, frequency 40KHz) for 45 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 50% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of harpagoside (c15h24o10) and harpagoside (c24h30o11) in this product shall not be less than 0.45% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove residual roots and impurities, wash, moisten, slice, and dry; Or microbubble, evaporate thoroughly, air slightly, slice and dry.
      This product is a kind of round or oval flake. The outer skin is grayish yellow or grayish brown. The cut surface is black, slightly shiny, and some have cracks. Qi is like caramel. It tastes sweet and bitter.
      [identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and tropism] sweet, bitter, salty, slightly cold. It belongs to the lung, stomach and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] it can clear away heat and cool blood, nourish yin and reduce fire, detoxify and disperse knot. It is used to warm blood, warm toxic spots, burn Yin due to fever, irritate and thirsty tongue, constipation due to Tianjin injury, bone steaming and cough, red eyes, sore throat, diphtheria, scrofula, carbuncle, swelling and sore poison.
      .
      [note] it should not be used with resveratrol.
      [storage] put it in a dry place to prevent mold and moth.


2、 Chemical constituents of Radix Scrophulariae
1. Scrophularia root contains iridoid compounds: harpahide, harpagoside [1],Aucubin(aucubin), 6-o-methylcatalpol [2], 2- (3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl 1-O - [α - l-arabinosyl (1 → 6)] - [feruloyl (1 → 4)] - α - l-rhamnosyl (1 → 3) - β - D-glucoside (1 → 6)] - [feruloyl (1 → 4)] - α - l-rhamnosyl (1 → 3) - β - D-glucoside

3、 Pharmacological effects of Radix Scrophulariae
1. effects on cardiovascular system the water extract, alcohol extract and decoction of this product can cause blood pressure drop in anesthetized dogs, cats, rabbits and other animals. Po Scrophularia Decoction 2g/kg, twice a day, has more obvious antihypertensive effect on renal hypertensive dogs than on healthy dogs. Asparagine IV contained in this product can cause the animals' blood pressure to drop, peripheral blood vessels to dilate, cardiac contractility to increase, heart rate to slow down and urine output to increase. The ethanol extract of Radix Scrophulariae can significantly increase the coronary flow of isolated rabbit hearts, increase the uptake of 86 rubidium in mouse myocardium, protect rabbit experimental myocardial ischemia caused by pituitrin, enhance the hypoxia tolerance of mice, and have a certain antihypertensive effect on anesthetized cats. In addition, Radix Scrophulariae can also increase the perfusion volume of isolated rabbit ears, and has a certain relieving effect on rabbit aortic vasospasm caused by potassium chloride and epinephrine.
2. central inhibition this product infusion has sedative and anticonvulsant effects on mice.
3. antibacterial effect 50% decoction can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus by plate dilution method. . The extract was diluted in test tube at a ratio of 1:160 to inhibit Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Microsporum laniformis.
4. other effects this product has inhibitory effect on a variety of pathogenic and non pathogenic fungi. The extract has a slight hypoglycemic effect on rabbits.