Soft shelled turtle seed
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Trionyx sinensis       . Harvest the mature fruits in winter, cut them open, sun them to half dry, remove the pulp, take out the seeds, and dry them.
      [properties] this product is flat and round in shape, slightly raised or slightly depressed in the middle, with a diameter of 2-4cm and a thickness of about 0.5cm. The surface is grayish brown to dark brown, with a reticular pattern, and there is a light yellow hilum on a toothed protrusion with a larger edge. The outer seed coat is hard and brittle, and the inner seed coat is gray green and villous. Cotyledons 2, yellowish white, oily. It has a special greasy smell and tastes bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish gray. The sclerenchymal cells are oval or quasi round, with wavy edges, 51-117 μ m in diameter, thick walls, lignified, and obvious cavities, some of which are narrow. Cotyledon parenchyma cells are polygonal, containing fatty oil and aleurone particles; The fatty oil block is round, with a diameter of 27-73 μ m, and a reticular texture can be seen on the surface.
      (2) According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of the test solution and the reference solution under the item of [content determination], respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform methanol water (8:2:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.4% phosphoric acid solution (70:30); The detection wavelength was 203nm. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 6000 according to the peak of 3-O - β - d-glucuronide methyl ester of carnation saponin.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of the reference substance of 3-O - β - d-glucuronide methyl ester of carnation saponin, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1.5g of the crude powder of soft shelled turtle seed kernel, weigh it accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 60ml of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - trichloromethane (1:1) mixed solution, heat and reflux for 1 ～ 2 hours, discard the petroleum ether trichloromethane mixed solution, volatilize the solvent in the filter paper cylinder, put it in a round bottom flask, add 100ml of 60% methanol, heat and reflux for 4 hours, and evaporate the extract to dryness. Add 10ml of water to dissolve the residue and transfer it to a stoppered test tube. Add 0.6ml of sulfuric acid, shake well and plug tightly. Heat it in a boiling water bath for 2 hours, take it out, cool it down, filter it, discard the filtrate, add 8ml methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add a drop of sulfuric acid to make the pH value of the solution reach 2, shake it well, place it in a 50 ℃ water bath for 4 hours, take it out, cool it down, add methanol to make it up to the scale, shake it well, filter it, and take the continued filtrate.
      ; Precisely suck 20 μ l of the reference solution and 20 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dried product, the content of silymarin 3-o- β - D-glucuronic acid methyl ester (c37h56o10) in the kernel of Eupolyphaga sinensis should not be less than 0.25%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] soft shelled turtle seed kernel   Remove the shell, take the kernel, and mash it.
      The inner seed coat of this product is grayish green and fluffy. . It has a special greasy smell and tastes bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is white or off white. Cotyledon parenchyma cells are polygonal, containing fatty oil and aleurone particles; The fatty oil block is round, with a diameter of 27-73 μ m, and a reticular texture can be seen on the surface.
      (2) Same as medicinal materials.
      .
      ; Remove the soft shelled turtle kernel, stir fry it, grind it into powder, wrap it in paper, and remove the oil under pressure.
      This product is white or grayish white loose powder. It has a special greasy smell and tastes bitter.
      [content determination] take about 0.75g of this product, accurately weigh it, add 100ml of 60% methanol, heat and reflux for 4 hours, and determine it according to the method under the item of [determination of content] of wooden turtle seed.
      The content of silymarin 3-O - β - D-glucuronic acid methyl ester (c37h56o10) in this product shall not be less than 0.40%.
      [identification] semen of Eupolyphaga sinensis.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, slightly sweet, cool; . .
      [functions and indications] disperse nodules, reduce swelling, attack poison and treat sores. It is used for sores, swelling and toxin, breast carbuncle, scrofula, hemorrhoids and fistula, psoriasis and alopecia.
      [usage and dosage] 0.9 ～ 1.2g. Apply appropriate amount externally, grind it into powder, and then apply oil or vinegar to the affected part.
      [note] pregnant women should use it with caution.
      [storage] put it in a dry place,


2、 Chemical constituents from the seeds of Eupolyphaga sinensis
The seeds contain Momordica saponin Ⅰ and Ⅱ, which are gypsogenin andSaponific acid3-O - β - D-galactopyranosyl (1 → 2) - β - D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 3) - [β - d-xylopyranosyl (1 → 4)] - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2) - β - d-fucopyranoside of (quillaic acid)

3、 Pharmacological effects of semen eupolyphagae
Aqueous extract Ethanol water extract and ethanol extract, tested on anesthetized animals such as dogs, cats and rabbits, have antihypertensive effect. However, the toxicity was relatively high, and the animals died within a few days regardless of intravenous or intramuscular injection. . Injection into the femoral artery of dogs can temporarily increase the blood flow of the lower limbs, and its action intensity is about 1 / 8 of that of papaverine. It has inhibitory effect on isolated frog heart and isolated rabbit duodenum, while it can strengthen the effect of acetylcholine and antagonize the effect of papaverine on guinea pig ileum, and cause irreversible contraction at high concentration. In rats, oral or subcutaneous injection of Geniposide can significantly inhibit the edema of feet caused by carrageenan. It has hemolytic effect on rabbit red blood cells.
Saponins of seeds: intravenous injection of 6.6mg/kg to rats can cause transient respiratory excitation and blood pressure drop, and can increase the blood flow of the peripheral blood vessels of the dog's hind limbs, which has an inhibitory effect on the isolated frog heart; 2 × 10 (-4) g / ml could increase the excitatory effect of acetylcholine on the ileum of guinea pigs; Intragastric or subcutaneous injection of carrageenan can inhibit the swelling and inflammation of rats' feet; Hemolysis; .
. Injection into the femoral artery of dogs can temporarily increase the blood flow of the lower limbs, and its action intensity is about 1 / 8 of that of papaverine. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory and hemolytic effects.