Hibiscus leaves
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves       This product is the dried leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis L., a Malvaceae plant. Harvested in summer and autumn, dry.
      [character] this product is mostly curled and broken, and the whole coat is hairy. After flattening, the intact leaves are oval heart-shaped, 10-20cm wide, palmately 3-7-lobed, with triangular lobes and blunt teeth on the edge. . The petiole is 5 ～ 20cm long. It has a slight air and pungent taste.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is dark yellowish green or grayish green. There are many non glandular hairs, solitary or stellate clusters, single-cell, long conical, some slightly curved, with a diameter of 10-15 μ M. Reddish brown pigment aggregates, quasi round, more, scattered in parenchyma cells. The mucous cells are round like, colorless or light brown, with a diameter of 60-80 μ m, and the surface has a radial fine texture. Calcium oxalate group crystals, with a diameter of 15-20 μ m, exist singly or in multiple parenchymal cells. Air holes are irregular and often broken.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 30ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 15ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake 20ml of chloroform to extract, discard the chloroform solution, shake 25ml of saturated n-butanol to extract the water solution, take n-butanol solution, evaporate to dryness, add 2ml of absolute ethanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Take 0.5g of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves as the control medicinal material, and prepare the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of the test solution, 2 μ l of the reference drug solution, and 1 μ l of the reference solution, respectively, onto the same silica gel G plate prepared with 4% sodium acetate solution, use ethyl acetate formic acid water acetone (15:2:3:7) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, and inspect under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 14.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran-0.3% phosphoric acid solution (15:85); The detection wavelength was 359nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the rutin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of rutin reference substance, weigh accurately, add dilute ethanol to make a solution containing 16 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of dilute ethanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with dilute ethanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 20 μ l of the reference solution and 20 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of anhydrous rutin (c27h30o16) shall not be less than 0.070%.
      Decoction pieces
      ; Or grinding powder.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] Xin, Ping; Return to lung and liver channels.
      [functions and indications] it can cool blood, detoxify, detumescence and relieve pain. It can cure carbuncle, gangrene, swelling, tangled snake pill, scald, red eye swelling and pain, and injury due to injury.
      [usage and dosage] 10 ～ 30g. Suitable for external use.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves
The leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis mainly contain rutinKaempferol – 3 – o – rutinosideKaempferol – 3 – o – β - locust diglycoside and other flavonoid glycosides also contain phenols, amino acids, reducing sugars and other components, of which flavonoid glycosides and sterols are the main active components. In 1990, Lin Haoran and others separated five crystalline components from the leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis by chemical extraction, and analyzed and identified three of them, namely, pentadecane, pentadecanoic acid andβ - sitosterolIn 1991, Xue shenru et al. Analyzed the chemical composition of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves, and the results showed that the leaves of Hibiscus mutabilis containedrutin(rutin); Chenrentong et al. Extracted the dried hibiscus flowers with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and ethanol in turn, and obtained octadecaneβ - sitosterol、Betulinic acid, hexyl stearate, stigma-3,7-dione, stigma-4-en-3-one, tetradecanolquercetin andKaempferolAnd other 9 ingredients. ; According to spectral analysis and physicochemical data, nine compounds were identified, including four flavonoidsrutin、Kaempferol – 3 – o – rutinosideKaempferol-3 - Ο - β - locust diglycoside and kaempferol-3 - β -d- (6-e-p-hydroxycinnamoyl) - glucoside; 2 stigmasteroids:β - sitosterol、CaroteneAnd other compounds: tetracosanoic acidsalicylic acid、EmodinGuohua et al. Used supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to obtain the effective components in Hibiscus mutabilis leaf oil. The main volatile components in Hibiscus mutabilis leaf oil are palmitic acid (E, e) - 2,4-decadienal, dibutyl phthalate, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-4h-naphthalen-1-one, (R) - 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2 (4h) benzofuranone (E，E)-6， 10, 14-trimethyl-5, 9, l3-pentatriene-2-one, phenylacetaldehyde, phytol, 6, l0, l4-trimethyl-2-pentanone, etc.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves
In vitro insect suppression, bacteriostatic Lin Haoran, etc. used the water decoction and powder of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves to carry out an experimental study on the effect of Trichomonas. The study showed that Trichomonas in 40g · L-1 tube was inhibited to varying degrees, no active body was found in 80g · L-1 tube, and no active body was found in 48h of subculture, indicating that Hibiscus mutabilis has a good inhibitory effect on Trichomonas; At the same time, the results of in vitro antibacterial experiment also showed that Hibiscus mutabilis had inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli at a ratio of 1 ∶ 2, Staphylococcus at a ratio of 1 ∶ 4, and Candida albicans at a ratio of 1 ∶ 4. The effective component of anti-nonspecific inflammation Hibiscus mutabilis leaves is total flavonoids. Zhangfenghua et al evaluated the anti-nonspecific inflammation effect of the effective component of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves through the rat staghorn swelling experiment, rat egg white swelling experiment, mouse abdominal capillary permeability experiment and mouse ear swelling experiment. The results showed that the effective components of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves had a good inhibitory effect on rat foot swelling induced by staghorn and egg white; It also has a good inhibitory effect on the permeability of mouse peritoneal capillaries caused by acetic acid; At the same time, the effective component of Hibiscus mutabilis leaves also has obvious inhibitory effect on the non-specific ear swelling of mice caused by xylene. The above experiments have significant differences compared with the blank control group (p< 0.05), and have the same anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect compared with the positive control group (epirubine hydrochloride). Linhaoran et al. Studied that Mufurong decoction has obvious inhibitory effect on rat foot swelling induced by carrageenan; After bilateral adrenalectomy in rats, Mufurong Decoction still had a significant inhibitory effect on rat foot swelling induced by carrageenan, indicating that Mufurong has a clear anti-nonspecific inflammatory effect. Protection of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common pathological phenomenon in clinic. The protective effect of the effective components of Hibiscus leaves on the kidney in the renal ischemia-reperfusion model of rats under ischemia was observed. Lixiaopeng et al. Studied the effect of the effective components of Hibiscus leaves on tnf- α in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats. The results showed that after 24h of perfusion, the blood bun and SCR levels of rats in echm treatment group and control group were significantly higher than those in sham operation group, and the inflammatory cell infiltration in renal tissue was obvious. However, the levels of bun and SCR in the echm treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p< 0.05). At 1 and 3 h after the restoration of renal perfusion, the content of TNF - α in the serum of the echm treatment group and the control group was significantly higher than that in the operation group, and the content of TNF - α in the serum of the echm treatment group was significantly different from that in the control group (p< 0.05); At the corresponding time points, the mRNA expression of tnf- α in the kidney tissue of echm treated rats was also significantly lower than that of the control group.