Guangzao

1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Guangzao       This product is a traditional Mongolian medicine. It is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (roxb.) Burtt et hill, a laccase plant. The fruit is harvested when it is ripe in autumn, and the impurities are removed and dried.
      [properties] the product is oval or nearly oval, 2-3cm long and 1.4-2cm in diameter. The surface is dark brown or tan, slightly shiny, with irregular folds, and fruit stem marks at the base. The pulp is thin, brown, hard and crisp. The nucleus is nearly ovoid, yellowish brown, with 5 (occasionally 4 or 6) obvious small holes at the top, and each hole contains 1 seed. It is slightly smelly and tastes sour.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is brown. The stone cells of endocarp are round, oval, spindle, rectangular or irregular, and some are elongated and fibrous or branched, with a diameter of 14-72 μ m, a length of 25-294 μ m, a thick wall, obvious pore grooves, and light yellowish brown or yellowish brown contents in the lumen. . The cell surface of exocarp was polygonal, and the cell cavity contained brown matter; The cross-sectional view showed that the cells were quasi rectangular, radially extended, and the outer and radial walls were keratinized and thickened. Mesocarp parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate clusters and a few square crystals, with cluster crystals 17-42 μ m in diameter, rhombohedral or irregular square crystals, 10-48 μ m in length and 7-27 μ m in diameter.
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 20ml of 70% ethanol, heat and reflux for 15 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, add 10ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve, filter, take 1ml of filtrate, put it in an evaporating dish, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of boric acid saturated acetone solution and 1ml of 10% citric acid acetone solution respectively, turn yellow green, continue to evaporate to dryness, observe under the ultraviolet light (365nm), turn yellow green fluorescence; Take another 1ml of filtrate, put it in a test tube, evaporate it to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve it, add 3 ~ 4 drops of aluminum trichloride test solution, the yellow color of the solution will be slightly deepened, dot it on the filter paper, and observe it under the ultraviolet light (365nm), showing yellow green fluorescence.
      (3) . In addition, take gallic acid reference substance and add absolute ethanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of the test solution and 5 μ l of the control solution, respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use trichloromethane acetone formic acid (7:2:1) as the developing agent, develop them, the development distance is 15cm, take them out, dry them, fumigate them in ammonia vapor until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] moisture take the enucleated powder of this product and determine it according to the moisture determination method (the second method of general rule 0832), which shall not exceed 13.0%.
      The total ash content of the enucleated powder of this product shall not exceed 6.5% according to the ash content determination method (general rule 2302).
      [extract] take the enucleated powder of this product and determine it according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, which shall not be less than 28.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol water glacial acetic acid (1:99:0.3); The detection wavelength was 270nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 3000 according to the peak of gallic acid.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of gallic acid reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 60 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about LG of the enucleated powder of the product (passing through No. 2 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 20ml of 70% methanol, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 70% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of gallic acid (C7H6O5) shall not be less than 0.060% after enucleation according to the dry product.
      [nature and taste] sweet, sour and flat.
      [functions and indications] promote qi and blood circulation, nourish the heart and calm the mind. It is used for qi stagnation and blood stasis, chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, and restlessness.
      [usage and dosage] 1.5 ～ 2.5G.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place.


2、
Containing carotene sterolsβ - sitosterol、salicylic acid、Ellagic acid、quercetin 、Naringenin、Kaempferol-7-o-glucoside, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a variety of amino acids, inorganic elements silicon, calcium, potassium, sodium and other chemical components.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Guangzao
1. the protective and expanding effects of total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba (TFC) on hypoxia tolerance and acute myocardial ischemia in animals: 1.1. the effects of total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba on normobaric hypoxia tolerance, oxygen consumption rate and residual oxygen at death in mice: intraperitoneal injection of tfc5.06 and 11.2mg/kg can significantly prolong the survival time of mice, and has a significant dose-response relationship. It can also significantly slow down the oxygen consumption rate of mice. The oxygen consumption at 30 minutes is significantly lower than that of the control group, but the residual oxygen in the bottle at death is not significantly different from that of the control group (P > 0.05), indicating that total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba can improve the ability of hypoxia tolerance in mice.

1.2. Effect of TFC on acute experimental myocardial ischemia in rats: intravenous injection of tfc5.06 and 11.2mg/kg can significantly antagonize ST-T changes in ECG caused by intravenous injection of pituitrin 1.0 μ l/kg, that is, ST segment elevation and T wave towering in the first phase; In the second stage, the degree of ST segment down shift and T wave low level or inversion was significantly reduced, and the time of ST-T abnormal change was significantly shortened. It can obviously protect rats from acute myocardial ischemia caused by pituitrin. At the same time, TFC has the effect of fighting against severe arrhythmia and bradycardia caused by acute myocardial ischemia, reducing the incidence of arrhythmia from 100% before administration to 17.6%, and increasing the heart rate by 9-27% compared with Pituitrin alone.

2. antiarrhythmic effect of total flavonoids of Guangzao: lizengxi et al. Confirmed that the total flavonoids of Guangzao have significant antagonistic effect on a variety of atrial and ventricular arrhythmia models caused by calcium chloride acetylcholine chloride, aconitine, quinabain, epinephrine and barium chloride. ; The toxic dose of quinoline (OUA) in guinea pigs was increased by 30, 41, 20 and 35% when it produced VP, VT, VF and HS, respectively. The occurrence time of ADR arrhythmia in rabbits was prolonged from 0.2 ± 0.1 min to 0.5 ± 0.2 min, and the duration was shortened from 7 ± 5 min to 2.3 ± 1.5 min; The arrhythmia induced by BaCl2 in rats was rapidly restored to the main sinus rhythm, and the arrhythmia duration was 2.2 ± 1.1 minutes (p< 0.01).

3. effects of total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba on platelet aggregation function and hemorheology: intravenous injection of tfc20 or 10mg/kg has a significant inhibitory effect on ADP induced platelet aggregation in rabbits, which has a significant effect 10 minutes after administration, reaching a peak at 30 minutes, and the effect gradually weakens after 2 hours. TFC can also reduce the indexes of Hemorheology in rabbits. . Wangnaili et al.'s blood activating active ingredients isolated from the ethanol extract of Guangzao have anti ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro, and their percent inhibition rates of anti ADP induced platelet aggregation are: protocatechuic acid (5mg/ml), 17.5% ± 2; Gallic acid (5mg/ml) 28.4% ± 4; Ellagic acid (0.36mg/ml) 65% ± 10; 3, 3-0-dimethyl ellagic acid (0.36mg/ml) 82.7% ± 10; Citric acid (5mg/ml) 60.6% ± 11. . However, TFC did not change fibrinogen significantly.

4. effects of total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba on left ventricular function and hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs:

4.1. effect on left ventricular function: after intravenous injection of tfc5.6mg/kg, in addition to significantly slowing down the heart rate, it has no obvious effect on LVP, CLP / dtmaxt DP / dtmax and LVEDP, which reflect myocardial contractility. CO and Ci, indicators of left ventricular pump function, also had no significant reduction effect, while the heart beat index increased slightly, but there was no statistical difference (P > 0.05).

4.2. effect on coronary circulation: after intravenous injection of tfc5.6mg/kg, it can significantly dilate the coronary vessels, and the coronary blood flow is significantly increased by 21% in 5 minutes. The increase of coronary blood flow is not significant in 15 minutes, but the reduction of coronary resistance is still significantly different.

4.3. effect on blood pressure and external vascular resistance: intravenous injection of tfc5.6mg/kg can significantly reduce arterial blood pressure, reaching 20% and 24% at 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, and the blood pressure seems to be significantly lower than normal at 25 minutes (p< 0.05). After TFC administration, the total peripheral resistance was significantly reduced, reaching 22%, 24% and 16% at 5, 15 and 25 minutes, respectively. The femoral artery blood flow and vascular resistance also increased and decreased.

4.4. effects on left ventricular work and myocardial oxygen consumption: after intravenous injection of tfc5.6mg/kg, the left ventricular work index at 5 and 15 minutes was significantly reduced by 19% and 15% (p< 0.05). Because TFC has the effect of significantly reducing blood pressure and slowing heart rate, the index TTI reflecting myocardial oxygen consumption was significantly reduced, which was 22%, 24% and 26% at 5, 15 and 25 minutes, respectively, with significant differences. ; On the one hand, it also reduces myocardial oxygen consumption, so as to achieve a new balance between the supply and demand of myocardial oxygen.

5. effect of total flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba on immune function of mice: 5.1.effect of TFC on the weight of immune organs of mice: Kunming mice, weighing 20 ± 2G, aged about 35 days, half male and half female. 59 mice were randomly divided into: control group, intraperitoneal injection of equal volume of normal saline; Cyclophosphamide (CY) group, cy25mg / (kg · day), IH × 2 days; TFC group: tfc40.32mg/ (kg. day) and 20.16mg/ (kg. day), intraperitoneal injection × 5 days; In the tfc+cy group, tfc20.16mg/ (kg. day) was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days, and cy25mg/ (kg. day) IB for 2 days. . The results showed that TFC could significantly increase the weight of thymus and spleen in normal and CY induced immunosuppressed mice. The effect of tfc40.32mg/kg on the weight of thymus was stronger than that of spleen, increased by 69% and 20% respectively compared with the control group, and the effect of 20.16mg/kg on the weight of spleen was stronger than that of thymus, increased by 45% and 36% respectively compared with the control group. TFC also significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of CY on thymus and spleen of mice, and its weight increased by 51% and 40% respectively compared with that of CY Group (p< 0.01).

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5.3 effect of TFC on the percentage of ANAE (+) cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of mice: TFC can significantly increase the percentage of ANAE (+) cells in lymphocytes of normal and immunosuppressed mice by 121% and 67% respectively compared with the control group (p< 0.01), and presents a good dose-response relationship. In immunosuppressed mice, tfc20.16mg/kg increased by 64% compared with CY Group (p< 0.01).

5.4. Effect of TFC on the formation of serum hemolysin in mice: the half hemolytic value (HC50) of tfc40.32mg/kg normal mice was not significantly different from that of the control group (P > 0.05). Tfc20.16m/kg could significantly increase the HC50 value of normal and immunosuppressed mice. The HC50 value of normal mice was increased by 10% compared with that of the control group (P & lt; 0.05), and that of immunosuppressed mice was increased by 433% compared with that of the CY Group (P & lt; 0.01), suggesting that a smaller dose of TFC has the effect of promoting IgM mediated humoral immunity.

5.5. Effect of TFC on the formation of serum antibodies in mice: tfc40.32mg/kg and 20.16mg/kg can significantly promote the formation of serum antibodies in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Compared with the control group, normal mice increased by 67% (p< 0.05) and 494% (p< 0.01) respectively, and immunosuppressed mice increased by 78% (p< 0.01) compared with the CY Group. The effect of TFC in low-dose group was significantly stronger than that in large dose group, which was consistent with the effect of TFC on HC50 in mice.

5.6. Effect of TFC on serum lysozyme content in mice: the serum lysozyme content of tfc40.32mg/kg and 20.16mg/kg mice injected intraperitoneally for 5 days increased from 124.5 ± 16.9 μ g in the control group to 350 ± 94.3 μ g and 448.4 ± 104.2 μ g, respectively (p< 0.01).

The above results suggest that TFC can significantly increase the humoral and cellular immune functions of mice. The characteristics of TFC in increasing immune functions are that higher doses of TFC promote cellular immune functions better than lower doses, while lower doses of TFC enhance humoral immune functions better than higher doses. TFC can enhance cellular immune function by activating T lymphocyte system, and has the effect of enhancing humoral immunity mediated by IgM and IgG. TFC enhances cellular and humoral immune functions in mice, which may be related to the function of a certain promoting monocyte macrophage system.