Three needles
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of three needles       This product is the dried roots of several species of plants belonging to the same genera as Berberis soulieana schneid., Berberis wilsonae hemsl., Berberis poirelii schneid., or Berberis vernae schneid., a berberidae plant. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove sediment and fibrous roots, and dry them in the sun or slice them.
      [character] this product is cylindrical, slightly twisted, with a few branches, 10 ~ 15cm long and 1 ~ 3cm in diameter. The root head is thick and tapering downward. The outer skin is grayish brown, with fine wrinkles, and the mat is exfoliated. The texture is hard, not easy to break, the section is not flat, bright yellow, the section is nearly circular or oblong, slightly radial texture, and the pulp is brownish yellow. The breath is slight and the taste is bitter.
      . Phloem fibers are scattered individually or in bundles, with a diameter of 12-30 μ m, light yellow to yellow, long fusiform, blunt, acuminate or flat at the end, sometimes with microwave like bending at the edge, and obvious pore grooves. The stone cells are yellowish brown, irregular or oblong, with a diameter of 20 ～ 55 μ m, and obvious pits and pore grooves. Calcium oxalate crystals are square or rectangular, with a diameter of 8-25 μ m, scattered or present in phloem ray cells. The surface of cork cells is rectangular or polygonal. Yellowish brown clumps can be seen.
      (2) . In addition, take berberine hydrochloride reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, use the upper solution of n-butanol acetic acid water (2:0.5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 9.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.02mol/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (24:76); The detection wavelength was 265nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the peak of berberine hydrochloride.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of berberine hydrochloride reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 20 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.1g of powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of berberine hydrochloride (c20h17no4 · HCl) shall not be less than 0.60%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities; .
      [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold; . It belongs to the liver, stomach and large intestine.
      [functions and indications] clearing heat and dampness, purging fire and detoxifying. It is used for damp heat diarrhea, jaundice, eczema, sore throat, red eyes, purulent ears, carbuncle, swelling and sores.
      .
      [storage] put it in a dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of three needles
1. Berberis tenuifolia root containsberberine（berberine）1.16％，Berbamine（berbarmine）2.7％， Also containsPalmatine（Palmatine），Jatrorrhizine（jatrorrhizine）。
2. ciheizhugen containsberberine3.68％，Berbamine1.82%, includingPalmatine，Jatrorrhizine。
3. Berberis glaucus stem contains the following contents:the main contents of the plant are as follows:the plant is mainly composed of three parts::the plant is mainly made of Berberis glaucus, which is mainly composed of Berberis glaucus, BERberberine1.08%, includingPalmatine，JatrorrhizineandBerbamine。
4. Berberis nitidus root containsberberine2.31％，Berbamine3.84%, includingPalmatineAnd traceJatrorrhizine。
5. Berberis spatholophylla root containsberberine1.58％，Berbamine0.81%, includingPalmatine、Jatrorrhizine。
In addition, the roots of the same genus Berberis guizhouensis containberberine. the root of Berberis Qinling containsberberine2.67％，Berbamine1.16%, includingPalmatine，Jatrorrhizine. Berberis pseudopolyantha root containsberberine1.40 ％，Berbamine1.33%, also containing jatrorrhizine and tracePalmatine. the roots of Berberis veinlets containberberine0.93％，Berbamine1.24%, includingPalmatine, whileJatrorrhizineTrace reaction. berberine1.04%, includingPalmatine, whileBerbamineTrace reaction. The root endothelium of Berberis Shouyang containsberberine3.36%, includingBerbamine. the roots of rhubarb and Berberis containberberine1.43％，Berbamine0.91%, containing tracePalmatineandJatrorrhizine.
Berberis Badong root containsberberine1.23 ％，Berbamine0.84%, includingPalmatine，Jatrorrhizine, skinberberine4.16%. Berberis venifera root containsberberine2.8%, includingBerbamine，Tetrandrine(Isotetrandrine) and tracePalmatine. the root of Berberis reticulata containsberberine2.37%, includingPalmatineandJatrorrhizine. the root of Berberis sanguinea containsberberine2.8%. Also containsPalmatine，JatrorrhizineandBerbamine. the stems of Berberis Huaxi containberberine1.5%，Berbamine0.70%, alsoPalmatine。

3、 Pharmacological effects of three needles
Berberisspp., a plant of the same genus, contains berberine. See Rhizoma Coptidis for its pharmacology. Pharmacological effects of crude preparation 1. hypotensive effect intraperitoneal injection of sangezhengliu extract in anesthetized cats has significant hypotensive effect, but has no significant effect on respiration and heart rate. . Sankezhen instead of Phellodendron amurense and Erxian mixture (called Zhenxian mixture) can also reduce blood pressure by intravenous injection to anesthetized cats, but it has no antihypertensive effect by gavage to non anesthetized chronic renal hypertensive dogs for three consecutive weeks, which may be due to the fact that these ingredients are not easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Intraperitoneal injection of 2G crude drug /kg of three needle extract can reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized cats. Berbamine hydrochloride (5 and 10mg/kg) can reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs, and its hypotensive mechanism may be mainly through the direct vasodilatory effect.
. The decoction can inhibit the growth of hemorrhagic jaundice type Leptospira in the test tube, and the minimum effective concentration is 1 / 800, which is not much different from that of berberine. In guinea pigs infected with Leptospira, oral decoction has no obvious effect except for less bleeding in the abdominal wall and viscera.
3. whitening effect: berbamine 20mg/kg intraperitoneal injection and 2mg/kg intravenous injection can antagonize the white blood cell decline caused by cyclophosphamide in rats and dogs, respectively.
4. anti arrhythmia: berbamine hydrochloride 12.5, 50? ; Berbamine hydrochloride 5mg/kg intravenous injection can inhibit the arrhythmia caused by aconitine, ouabain, calcium chloride and ligation of coronary artery. The mechanism of berbamine anti arrhythmia may be the inhibition of calcium influx. Berbamine 1? mol/L, It can protect the cardiac function injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in isolated rabbit hearts, promote the recovery of cardiac function, and prolong the effective working time of the heart.