clove
1、 Lilac pharmacopoeia standard       This product is the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata thunb., a Myrtle plant. When the flower buds turn from green to red, they are picked and dried in the sun.
      [properties] this product is slightly in the shape of a grinding rod, 1 ~ 2cm long. The Corolla is spherical, 0.3 ~ 0.5cm in diameter, and the petals are 4, compound tile shaped, brown or brown yellow. The petals are stamens and styles, and numerous yellow fine-grained anthers can be seen after crushing. The calyx tube is cylindrical, slightly flat, some slightly curved, 0.7 ~ 1.4cm long, 0.3 ~ 0.6cm in diameter, reddish brown or brown, with 4 triangular sepals on the upper part, which are separated in a cross shape. Solid and oily. It has strong aroma, spicy taste and tingling tongue.
      [identification] (1) cross section of the middle part of the calyx tube of this product: 1 row of epidermal cells with thick cuticle. There are 2-3 rows of radially extended oval oil chambers with a length of 150-200 μ m scattered on the outer side of the cortex; There are 20-50 small double tough vascular bundles under it, which are intermittently arranged in a ring. There are a few middle column sheath fibers at the periphery of the vascular bundle, with thick wall and lignification. The inner side is the ventilated tissue composed of a number of parenchymal cells, with large lacunae. There are many small vascular bundles scattered among the parenchyma of the central axis column, and the parenchyma cells contain many small calcium oxalate clusters.
      The powder is dark reddish brown. The fiber is fusiform, the top is blunt and round, and the wall is thick. The pollen grains are numerous, triangular in polar view, and biconvex mirror shaped in equatorial view, with 3 pairs of zygotic grooves. Calcium oxalate clusters are numerous, 4-26 μ m in diameter, and exist in smaller parenchyma cells. The oil chambers are mostly broken, and the boundaries of secretory cells are not clear, containing yellow oil.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of ether, shake for several minutes, filter, and the filtrate is used as the test solution. Take eugenol reference substance and add ether to make a solution containing 16 μ l per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate (9:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] impurities shall not exceed 4% (general rule 2301).
      The moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      [content determination] determine according to gas chromatography (general rule 0521).
      The chromatographic conditions and system suitability test used polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG-20M) as the stationary phase, and the coating concentration was 10%; The column temperature was 190 ℃. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 1500 according to the eugenol peak.
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      Preparation of test solution take about 0.3g of powder (passing through No. 2 screen), weigh accurately, add 20ml of n-hexane precisely, weigh, sonicate for 15 minutes, place at room temperature, weigh again, make up the lost weight with n-hexane, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 1 μ l of the reference solution and 1 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the gas chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of eugenol (C10H12O2) in this product shall not be less than 11.0%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities and screen out dust. Mash when needed.
      [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      . Return to spleen, stomach, lung and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] it can warm the middle and reduce adverse reactions, tonify the kidney and help Yang. .
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      [note] it should not be used with Curcuma.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Syringa oblata
Flower buds contain volatile oil, namely clove oil. The oil mainly containsEugenol(Eugenol)、 Acetosyringolβ - caryophyllene(β - caryophyllene), and methyl n-amyl ketoneMethyl salicylateHumuleno, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, m-methoxybenzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, chavicol, a-ylangene, etc. There are also wild varieties that do not containEugenol(64-85% in ordinary clove oil), while it contains eugenine and eugenin. The flowers also contain triterpenoids such asoleanolic acid (oleanolicaid, flavones, and Rham netin, a paraoxonalkanoneKaempferol(Kaempferol)、 There are three kinds of compounds, namely, safranin, eugenitin, isoeugenitin and isoeugenitoi.

3、 Pharmacological action of clove
1. antibacterial effect the ether extract, water extract or saber's medium containing 1% concentration of clove decoction can inhibit many pathogenic fungi such as Xanthomonas schrenckii and Candida albicans. It also has inhibitory effect on Cryptococcus neoformans at higher concentration. The alcohol leaching solution is similar to the ether leaching solution, but the water leaching solution is poor. . At the concentration of 1:20-1:640, the decoction has inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, diphtheria, dysentery, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, dysentery, typhoid and other bacilli. At the concentration of 1:2000-1:8000, clove oil and clove oleanol have antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, pneumonia, dysentery (Shigella), large intestine, dysentery, tuberculosis and other bacilli. Clove also has inhibitory effect on influenza virus PR8 strain (in vitro test). The 100% ethanol extract and 1:400 butanol dilution were used to inhibit Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus typhi, diphtheria, proteus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus by plate cup method; Clove oil and eugenol have inhibitory effect on Brucella at the concentration of 1:16000-1:64000, and also have inhibitory effect on Mycobacterium avium at the concentration of 1:8000.
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3. deworming effect: water or alcohol extract can paralyze or kill Ascaris lumbricoides in vitro. Dogs infected with Ascaris lumbricoides can take clove oil 0.5-1.og/kg orally, which has deworming effect, but one dose can not drive out all Ascaris lumbricoides. Clove oil is better than decoction. ; Clove oil is more effective. Its 1% suspension can kill some Ascaris lumbricoides, and 0.1-0.5g/kg gavage can expel Ascaris lumbricoides in dogs.
4. stomach strengthening effect: clove is an aromatic stomach strengthening agent, which can relieve abdominal distension, enhance digestive ability, and reduce nausea and vomiting. 5% eugenol emulsion could significantly increase gastric mucus secretion, but the acidity was not enhanced; By gavage with clove water extract, the gastric acid output and pepsin activity of Pavlovian small stomach dogs were significantly increased. ; The reaction (secretion of mucus) can be partially recovered after 36 hours, and it will take several months to recover completely. Effect of clove extract on gastric juice secretion take 10g of clove, soak it in 150ml distilled water for about 4 hours, heat it at 85-90 ℃ for 30 minutes, boil it for about 3 minutes, filter it with double-layer gauze, and adjust the filtrate with distilled water to the extract containing 10% of crude drugs. In order to eliminate the effect of acidity itself on gastric juice secretion, adjust the extract with NaOH solution to ph=6.8-7.2. Four dogs with three-way Pavlovian stomachs were used in the experiment, and the experiment started 4 weeks after the operation. Dogs were fasted for more than 16 hours before the experiment, but drinking water was not limited. In the experiment, the plug of the fistula was removed first, and the tube core was inserted into the straight tube after the secretion accumulated in the stomach flowed out. In the whole process of the experiment, the main stomach and the small stomach were connected with the outside world. . Results Syringa extract increased significantly in 12 of 20 experiments. Within 3 hours after perfusion, the total acid output of the small stomach reached 0.350 ± 0.044mg equivalent, P < 0.01 compared with the control. In the experiment of influence on pepsin activity, the activity of HL pepsin began to rise after perfusion of clove extract. Within 3 hours after perfusion, the average activity of pepsin in the sample every 30 minutes reached 50.5 ± 1.3 units, P < 0.05 compared with the control. If atropine sulfate 0.1mg was given intravenously before the experiment, the effect of clove extract on stimulating gastric acid secretion was significantly inhibited, and the phenomenon of increasing total acid excretion was no longer present. It can be seen that cholinergic mechanism is involved in the mechanism of clove extract stimulating gastric acid secretion. Effects on four kinds of gastric ulcers ① effects on water immersion stress ulcer mice, weighing 22.4 ± 2.3g (x ± SD), half male and half female, were randomly divided into 10 mice in each group, fasting for 1 night. After ig of the test drug, they were put into a special stress box, immersed in 20-30 ℃ water, and the water level reached the neck of the mice. After 8 hours, the mice were sacrificed and the stomach was removed. The number of bleeding points was calculated by microscopic examination, and the ulcer inhibition rate (%) was calculated. Results the positive control was metformin 200mg/kg; Both 10g/kg and 20g/kg of Ding perfume extract could significantly inhibit the water immersion stress ulcer in mice. ② effect on pyloric ligation ulcer rats weighed 145 ± 16g, half male and half female, were randomly divided into 10 rats in each group. After fasting for 24 hours, under ether anesthesia, the pylorus was ligated according to the Shay method, and the test drug was Ig. 19 hours after the abdominal wall was sutured, the rats were sacrificed, the stomach was removed, and the gastric ulcer was examined before microscopy. The grading index and ulcer inhibition rate (%) were calculated. The results showed that the drug had no obvious effect. ③ Effect of indomethacin plus ethanol on the induction of ulcers mice weighed 24.7 ± 1.5g, half male and half female, were randomly divided into 10 mice in each group. After 0.5 hours of Ig test drug, IP indomethacin 10mg/kg, 1 hour later ig50% ethanol 0.2ml/ mouse, and then sacrificed 1 hour later to take the stomach, microscopic examination of the strip damage, the total length (mm) was measured as the ulcer index, and the ulcer inhibition rate was calculated. Results furazolidone 100mg/kg and clove petroleum ether extract 0.3ml/kg could significantly inhibit the ulcer induced by indomethacin plus ethanol. ④ Effects on gastric mucosal injury induced by 0.6mol/l hydrochloric acid the rats weighed 176 ± 21g. The male and female rats were equally divided into 10 rats in each group randomly. The rats were fasted for 24 hours. After 0.5 hours of Ig test drug, LML of 0.6mol/l hydrochloric acid was given to each rat. After another 1 hour, the stomach was sacrificed, the strip damage was examined by microscopy, the length (mm) was measured, and the ulcer inhibition rate (%) was calculated. Results metformin 100mg/kg, butanol extract and petroleum ether extract could significantly inhibit gastric mucosal injury induced by 0.6mol/l hydrochloric acid.
5. analgesic effect: according to the results of hot plate test and anti writhing reaction test in mice, the petroleum ether extract of clove (0.15ml/kg and 0.3ml/kg) and water extract of clove (10g/kg and 20g/kg) can significantly prolong the latency of pain response in mice and significantly reduce the writhing and reaction times caused by 0.1ml/10g acetic acid stimulation in mice. Toothache clove oil (dripped in a small amount) can disinfect the carious dental cavity, destroy its nerves, and reduce toothache.
6. effects of clove water extract and petroleum ether extract on hypoxia tolerance and cold tolerance in mice: clove was extracted twice with petroleum ether (30-60 degrees), cold soaked for 3D each time, and the petroleum ether was recovered to obtain yellowish brown oil. Arabic gum was used to prepare 1.5 and 8% (v/v) emulsions, respectively. The drug residue was boiled with boiling water for 0.5h, twice in total, and concentrated into 1ml of clove water extract containing 1g of crude drug. Hypoxia tolerance: effect on the tolerance of mice to atmospheric pressure closed hypoxia 30 mice (male and female), weighing 22.0 ± 2.5G, were divided into three groups. After ig clove petroleum ether extract and 3% gum arabic solution for 1 hour, they were put into a 145ml wide mouth bottle, with an appropriate amount of sodium lime in the bottle. The bottle mouth was closed with a rubber stopper connected to the oxygen meter. The time required for the oxygen content in the bottle to drop from 21% to 15%, 10% and 7% (i.e. oxygen consumption rate), survival time and the residual oxygen content in the bottle at the time of death were measured. The experimental data were statistically processed with t-test. Another 5O female mice weighing 21.4 ± 2.4G were divided into five groups. They were divided into two groups: another group was treated with propranolol and normal saline for 0.5h, and then put into a 120ml wide mouth bottle. The above method was used to determine the effect of propranolol on the three indicators. The extract of Ding perfume could prolong the survival time of mice and reduce the oxygen residual in the bottle at the time of death. It showed that the water extract of clove did not slow down the oxygen consumption rate, but enhanced the oxygen utilization ability of mice under hypoxia and the ability to resist oxygen deficiency under atmospheric pressure................................the result shows that the water extract of clove can not slow down the oxygen consumption rate, but improve the oxygen.
Mouth opening action: effect on the duration of mouth opening action of decapitated mice take about 20g mice, 30 mice in each group. One hour after ig Ding perfume extract, petroleum ether extract and control solution respectively, cut off the mouse head from the neck with a knife, and immediately record the duration of mouth opening action of decapitated mice with a stopwatch. Results only clove water extract 10 and 20g/kg groups significantly prolonged the duration of mouth opening action, 10g group P < 0.01, 20g group P < 0.05.
Poisoning: effects on the survival time of potassium cyanide poisoning and sodium nitrite poisoning mice weighing 20.7 ± 1.7g, with 12-16 mice in each group, regardless of sex, were treated with Ding perfume or petroleum ether extract and control solution for 1 hour, respectively. One group was treated with propranolol for 20 minutes and then ivkcn4mg/kg, and the survival time of mice was recorded immediately. The results are shown in Table 3. The survival time of KCN poisoned mice could be prolonged in the butanol extract 20g/kg group and propranolol group. Male mice, weighing 22.6 ± 2.0g, with 10 mice in each group, were divided into four groups, i.e. the water extract, the petroleum ether extract and the control solution for 1 hour, ipNaNO2800mg/kg， And the survival time was recorded immediately. Clove petroleum ether extract 0.15 and 0.30ml/kg groups could significantly prolong the survival time of NaNO2 poisoned mice.
Cold resistance: effect on the survival time of cold affected mice female mice, weighing 19.7 ± 0.8g, with 12 mice in each group, were fasted and water deprived for 24 hours. After ig clove petroleum ether extract, water extract and control solution for 0.5 hours, they were sub packed in small iron boxes, with 6 mice in each box. The iron boxes were put into the -18--20 ℃ refrigerator, opened every hour, and the refrigerator was removed. The live mice were combined into about 6 mice in each box, and observed until all the mice died. Results the survival time of cold affected mice was significantly shortened in the clove petroleum ether extract 0.30ml/kg group, which may be caused by the obvious inhibition of spontaneous activity.
7. effects of clove water extract and petroleum ether extract on bile secretion, diarrhea and liver injury in animals 7.1 effects on bile secretion in anesthetized rats rats weighing 174 ± 17g, half male and half female, were randomly divided into 8 rats in each group. After urethane anesthesia, according to the literature method [Journal of Pharmacy (Japan) 1987; 107 (12): 990 〕 underwent bile duct intubation, equilibrated for 30 minutes after operation, administered duodenally, collected the bile flow 30 minutes before administration and every 30 minutes within 4 hours after administration, and compared them to obtain the outflow rate (post drug flow / pre drug flow), compared with the control group at the corresponding time. Results clove petroleum ether extract could significantly promote bile secretion in anesthetized rats, and the effect could last for 2 hours.
7.2 effect on diarrhea caused by castor oil, senna and other drugs the mice weighed 19.8 ± 1.5g, half male and half female, and were randomly divided into 12 mice in each group. During the experiment, no water or food was allowed. 0.5 after ig test drug, 0.15ml of Ig castor oil per animal was put into a small bucket with a paper pad with a diameter of about 15cm at the bottom. The paper pad was changed every hour and the number of diarrhea was calculated. The observation lasted for 6 hours. Results clove petroleum ether extract 0.3ml/kg could significantly inhibit the diarrhea induced by castor oil in mice. . Results the water extract of clove 20g/kg could significantly inhibit the diarrhea caused by Senna.
. Test drug, once a day for 5 consecutive days, 1 hour after the last administration, igCCl40.3ml/kg, After 16 hours of anesthesia, blood was taken from the carotid artery, and SGPT was measured by Wright's method, SGOT was measured by Kim's method, and t-test was used for data processing. Results the petroleum ether extract and water extract of clove had no significant effect on the significant increase of SGPT and SGOT in CCl4 induced acute hepatitis rats.
8. effects of clove extract on metabolism hot water extract and water-soluble components of clove have dual effects of inhibiting metabolic activation and inactivating metabolic activation of Trp-P-2. Ether soluble components, eugenol, acetyleugenol, isoeugenol can inhibit metabolic activation, but no inactivation effect on metabolically activated Trp-P-2. The water-soluble components after removal of tannin did not inhibit the metabolic activation, and had little inactivation effect on the metabolic activation of Trp-P-2. These samples are not mutagenic. . The water, salt water and ethanol extracts of clove contain a complex glycoside containing phenol and uronic acid, which can inhibit brain acetylcholinesterase.
9. antiasthmatic effect the content of b-syringene in clove volatile oil is about 5.4%, and it is also one of the antiasthmatic active ingredients in Artemisia argyi oil. Pharmacological experiments showed that it had little relaxation effect on isolated tracheal smooth muscle, but the efficacy of Po was similar to that of moxa leaf oil. Pharmacological screening showed contractile effect on isolated smooth muscle of guinea pigs. Metabolite III is a yellow viscous oil, which is an active metabolite. According to GC-MS, IR, 1HMR and semi synthetic experiments, it is confirmed that the metabolite is b-syringaenol. Pharmacological experiments showed that b-syringaenol, one of the metabolites of b-syringaene in vivo, has a strong relaxing effect on isolated airway smooth muscle of guinea pigs, PD2＝4.36（n=6）； In guinea pig asthma induced by histamine and acetylcholine, 0.2g/kgig could prevent all animals (n=8) from wheezing, and its effect lasted longer than 6h. B-syringol, mouse igld50> 10.8g/kg， Indicates minimal toxicity.