Semen Raphani
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of semen Raphani       This product is the dried mature seed of Raphanus sativus L., a cruciferous plant. In summer, when the fruit is ripe, the plants are harvested, dried in the sun, the seeds are rubbed out, the impurities are removed, and then dried in the sun.
      [properties] the product is oval or oval, slightly flat, 2.5-4mm long and 2-3mm wide. The surface is yellowish brown, reddish brown or grayish brown. There is a dark brown round hilum at one end and several longitudinal grooves on one side. Seed coat is thin and brittle, cotyledons are 2, yellowish white, oily. It is slightly bitter and pungent.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is light yellow to brownish yellow. The seed coat grid cells are in patches, light yellow, orange yellow, yellow brown or red brown, and appear polygonal or long polygonal on the surface, with a diameter of about 15 μ M. they often overlap with the seed coat large hypodermic cells, and polygonal like or long polygonal shadows can be seen. Endosperm cells are polygonal in appearance, with vague powder particles and fatty oil droplets. Cotyledon cells are colorless or grayish green, with thin walls, vague powder particles and fatty oil droplets.
      (2) Take 1g of the product powder, add 30ml of ether, heat and reflux for 1 hour, discard the ether solution, volatilize the drug residue, add 20ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 1g of semen Raphani reference drug was taken and prepared into the reference drug solution by the same method. Then take sinapine thiocyanate reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3-5 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, use the upper solution of ethyl acetate formic acid water (10:2:3) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample; Spray 1% vanillin in 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution and heat it until the spots are clear and show spots of the same color.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 8.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 10.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test phenylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-3% glacial acetic acid solution (15:85); .
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of sinapine thiocyanate reference substance, accurately weigh it, place it in a brown volumetric flask, add methanol to make a solution containing 40 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.5g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of 70% methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 50KHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, use 70% methanol to make up for the lost weight, shake well, filter, take the filtrate, and place in a brown bottle.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 5 μ l each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      This product is calculated as a dry product, and the content of sinapine shall not be less than 0.40% based on sinapine thiocyanate (c16h24no5 • SCN).
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] semen Raphani removes impurities, washes and dries. Mash when needed.
      [character], [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Stir fry the semen Raphani, remove the semen Raphani, and stir fry until slightly swollen according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213). Mash when needed. .
      [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, sweet and smooth. Return to lung, spleen and stomach meridian.
      . It is used for stagnation of diet, abdominal distension and pain, constipation of stool, stagnation of diarrhea, phlegm congestion, asthma and cough.
      [usage and dosage] 5 ～ 12g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of semen Raphani
Seed containsSinapine(sinapine) and 30% fatty oil, which contains a large amount ofSinapic acid(sinapic acid), linoleic acid, linolenic acid, andRapeseed sterolBrassicasterol) and 22 dehydrocampesterol. It also contains raphanin.

3、 Pharmacological effects of semen Raphani
1. effect of anti pathogenic microorganisms: the aqueous extract of semen Raphani has a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli, and the aqueous extract also has different degrees of inhibitory effect on Trichophyton concentricum, tinea schrenckii, Microsporum odouronium, Microsporum ferrugosum, tinea laniformis, and Nocardia starum. Sulforaphane at a concentration of 1mg/ml had obvious inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria in vitro, and the MIC of Staphylococcus, Shigella, typhoid and Escherichia coli were 40, 125, 125 and 200mcg/ml, respectively.
.
3. antihypertensive effect: the aqueous extract of semen Raphani has obvious antihypertensive effect. For anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs, it can cause the blood pressure of animals to drop when injected intravenously. The results of studying the effect of semen Raphani on acute hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rabbits showed that semen Raphani injection (1ml is equivalent to 1g of crude drug) at a dose of 0.3-1.2ml/kg intravenously could significantly reduce experimental pulmonary hypertension and systemic arterial pressure. . Increasing the dose of semen Raphani failed to increase the intensity of reducing pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure, but only prolonged the antihypertensive time, which was significantly longer than that of phentolamine. Continuous micro intravenous injection can inhibit pulmonary hypertension caused by acute hypoxia and reduce the side effects of reducing systemic arterial pressure.
4. effects on cardiac hemodynamics: 4.1. effects on arterial pressure and heart rate: sulforaphane injection (1ml is equivalent to 1g of crude drug) can reduce systemic arterial systolic pressure (SAP), diastolic pressure (DAP), and mean systemic arterial pressure (map) by 10.9, 13.9, and 15.2mmhg, respectively, and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (SPAP), pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (DAPA), and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) by 4.6, 4.3, and 3.9mmhg, respectively, which are significantly different from those before treatment (P < 0.01). There was no significant change in heart rate before and after administration.
4.2. effect on vascular resistance: after intravenous injection of semen Raphani injection, the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were significantly reduced, SVR decreased from 4583.5 ± 632.45 to 3976.7 ± 339.86dyn.s/cm, PVR decreased from 530.5 ± 6.821 to 411.8 ± 80.98dyn.s/cm, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively.
4.3. effects on cardiac hemodynamics: six dogs had no significant changes in cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), and stroke index (SI) after intravenous injection of 1.0mg/kg of semen Raphani injection, and there was no statistical significance before and after treatment (P < 0.05). After treatment, the left ventricular pulsatility index (LVSWI) and right ventricular pulsatility index (rvswi) were significantly decreased, and the LVSWI before and after treatment were 40.12 ± 2.83 and 33.2 ± 3.88, respectively; The rvswi was 5.34 ± 0.74 and 4.03 ± 0.52 (P < 0.01, R < 0.05).