Poria cocos peel
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Poria cocos peel       This product is the dried skin of Poria Cocos (schw.) wolf sclerotia, a fungus of Polyporaceae. When digging and processing "Fuling tablets" and "Fuling pieces" in July to September, collect the peeled skin and dry it in the shade.
      [properties] the product is long strip or irregular pieces with different sizes. The outer surface is brown to dark brown, with warty protrusions, and the inner surface is light brown and often has white or light red subcutaneous parts. It is soft and slightly elastic. It is light and tasteless, and it sticks to the teeth when chewing.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is brown. The hyphae are pale brown, slender, 3-8 μ m in diameter, densely coalesced into clusters.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product and test according to [identification] (3) under Poria cocos, showing the same results.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 15.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 5.5% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 4.0% (general rule 2302).
      .
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, light and flat. It belongs to the lung, spleen and kidney meridians.
      [function and indications] diuresis and detumescence. It is used for edema and urination.
      [usage and dosage] 15 ～ 30g.
      [storage] keep dry and damp proof.

2、 Chemical constituents of Poria cocos peel
Sclerotia contains many components: ① triterpenoids:Poria acid（pachymic acid），dehydrotumulosic acid 3 β - hydroxyanosta-7.9 (11), 24 hydroxyanosta-7.9 (11), 24-tcmlibien-21-oic acid, pachymic acid methyl ester, 16 α - hydroxyperforic acid methyl ester,Dehydropachymic acid (dehydropachydromic acid, 3 β, 16 α - dihydroxy-7, 9 (11), 24 (31) - lanosterin-21-acid methyl ester [3 β, 16 α - dihydrox-ylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24 (31) - tcmlibien-21-oic acid methyl ester], porous acid C methyl ester, 3-hydrocarbamatenoic acid, eburicoic acid,dehydroeburicoic acid （dehy-droeburicoic acid），Pachymenin a（poricoic acid）、Pachymenin B, pachymenin C, pachymenin D, pachymenin DM, pachymenin am, β - hydroxy-16 α - acetoxy-7, 9 (11), 24 lanosterin-21-acid [3 β - hydroxy-16 α - acetosy-lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-tcmlibien-21-oic acid] and 7, 9 (11)Dehydropachymic acid [7，9（11）-dehydropachymic acid]。 ② Polysaccharides: pachyman, pachymaran, height (1, 3), (1, 6), branched β - D-glucan H11. Others includeErgosterol（ergosterol）， Caprylic aid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, dodecenoic acid,palmitic acid（palmitic acid）， Dodecenoate, caprylate and element free.

3、
1. diuretic effect: 1.1. cold soak Poria cocos crude drug with 70% alcohol, evaporate the alcohol of the soaked solution when using, add distilled water to dilute to a certain concentration, and then select healthy rabbits to inject the drug according to their body weight. The chronic experimental results showed that the urine output increased significantly after medication.
1.2. Poria cocos Decoction (0.048g/kg) was intravenously injected into dogs, but the urine output did not increase, and it was also ineffective or weak in rats; Taking urine output and chlorine excretion as observation indexes, rats were gavaged with Poria cocos Decoction (fasting for 12 hours). Results under this experimental condition, Poria cocos could not show its diuretic and chlorine excretion effect.
1.3. Poria cocos does not have the effect of anti deoxycorticosterone.
. Poria cocos has no bacteriostatic effect on the test tube method. The ethanol extract of Poria cocos can kill Leptospira in vitro, but the water decoction is ineffective.
3. effects on digestive system: Poria cocos has a direct relaxing effect on isolated intestinal tubes of rabbits, has a preventive effect on ulcers formed by pylorus ligation in rats, and can reduce gastric acid. In addition, it has a significant protective effect on CCl4 induced liver injury in rats, which significantly reduces the activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and prevents hepatocyte necrosis.
4. anti tumor effect: the main component of Poria cocos is pachyman, which has a high content. Pachyman itself has no antitumor activity. If the β - (1 → 6) glucopyranose branched chain contained in pachymaran is cut off to become a simple β - (1 → 3) glucose glycan [known as pachymaran], the inhibition rate of S180 sarcoma in mice can reach 96.88%.
. The results showed that pachyman failed to show anti-tumor effect, while the tumor inhibition rate of pachyman was 95%; The tumor inhibition rate of carboxymethyl pachyman was 73%; The tumor inhibition rate of hydroxyethyl pachyman-1 was 9%; The tumor inhibition rate of hydroxyethyl pachyman-2 was 61%; The tumor inhibition rate of hydroxyethyl pachyman-3 was 99%; The tumor inhibition rate of hydroxyethyl pachyman-4 was 100%. The new junmethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide injection was tested on icr/jcl mice, and it was found that the inhibition rate of tumor U-14 was 92.7% when the dose of 100mg/kg was continuously administered for 10 days. The new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide was mixed with Ehrlich ascites cancer culture solution and incubated for 4 hours. Trypan blue staining was used to observe the mortality of Ehrlich ascites cancer cells (> 50% is effective). When the concentration of carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide was 0.25% and 0.50%, the mortality was 54.7% and 61.7%, respectively. . Mice were intraperitoneally injected with Poria cocos polysaccharide 5-200mg/kg for 10 days, and the groups above 10mg/kg had obvious inhibitory effect on S180. Intraperitoneal administration of Poria cocos polysaccharide significantly inhibited the growth of S180 and ED transplanted subcutaneous tumors in mice, and prolonged the growth period of subcutaneous IMC cancer bearing mice and S180 mice to a certain extent. Carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (250mg/kg / day) intragastrically administered to mice for 25 days significantly inhibited the lung metastasis of cervical cancer U-14. In the anti-tumor test of Poria cocos polysaccharide body, it was found that Poria cocos polysaccharide body, like other polysaccharide bodies, can achieve strong inhibitory effect on growth retarded transplanted tumors, and has the following characteristics: 4.1. optimal dose: the anti-tumor effect of Poria cocos polysaccharide body is related to the dose, and too high or too low dose will affect its anti-tumor effect. In the test of exploring the optimal dose, the results obtained by various scholars are different. For example, hamuro et al (1971) conducted the tumor inhibition test of carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide, and used three different doses of 100mg/kg, 50mg/kg, and 5mg/kg. The results showed that the tumor inhibition rates were 92.3%, 96.1%, and 53.4%, respectively, and the 50mg/kg dose was the best. Zhao Daming (1982) did a new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide tumor inhibition test, using 500mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 25mg/kg doses to test, the results showed that the tumor inhibition rates were 75.5%, 92.7%, 78.8%, 79.4% respectively, of which 100mg/kg dose was the best. Lvsucheng et al. (1989) prepared Poria cocos polysaccharide into three concentrations of 250mg/kg/ day, 500mg/kg/ day and 1000mg/kg/ day by gavage, and the dose of 250mg/kg/ day was the best for 7 days and 8 days of continuous medication.
4.2. different routes of administration: Poria cocos polysaccharide system has different antitumor effects with different routes of administration. ; The tumor inhibition rate of intramuscular injection was 96.5%; The tumor inhibition rate of intravenous injection was 99.6%; The tumor inhibition rate of subcutaneous injection was 86.3%; The oral tumor inhibition rate was 8.8%.
4.3. mice of different strains: different strains of mice or hybrid mice are used for the test of fungal polysaccharide body, and its tumor inhibition effect is very different. For example, when lentinan was tested with icr/tcl, ddys, swm/ms, c57bl/6 strains of mice, it had a strong anti-tumor effect, and its anti-tumor effect was 85-99%; The tumor inhibition rate of c3h/he strain mice was 37-48%, while that of balb/c and dba/2 strains mice was tested. The method was carried out according to the 1978 national unified in vivo screening protocol for antitumor drugs (Draft). The results showed that the tumor inhibition rate of sarcoma 180 was greater than 30%, and the tumor inhibition rates of 29.6%, 18.9% and no tumor inhibition phenomenon were also observed; The inhibitory effect on tumor U-14 in mice was also not obvious. .
5. effect of pachyman on immune function: 5.1. increase the cytotoxic effect of macrophages: pachyman, hydroxyethyl pachyman-3, hydroxyethyl pachyman-4, intraperitoneal injection can significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice; Pachyman, hydroxyethyl pachyman-1 and hydroxyethyl pachyman-2 also have certain effects. The new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide was tested, and the results showed that it could enhance the cytotoxicity of PEC and significantly increase the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of phagocytes. After continuous subcutaneous injection for 5 days, 50mg/kg dose increased the phagocytic rate of peritoneal macrophages by 35.5% and phagocytic index by 58.0%; after continuous subcutaneous injection for 10 days, 50mg/kg dose increased the phagocytic rate by 66.1% and phagocytic index by 121%. . The mice were subcutaneously injected with the new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide for 10 days (50mg/kg. day). From the 8th day, cortisone acetate (100mg/kg/ day) was subcutaneously injected into cortisone control group and carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide plus cortisone test group for 3 days. The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of cortisone control group were 18.86 ± 3.40% and 0.41 ± 0.09 respectively; The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of the experimental group were 34.81 ± 1.75% and 0.86 ± 0.07, respectively. The new hydroxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide can restore the low phagocytic function of macrophages in Lewis lung cancer C57 pure line mice and sarcoma 180 Swiss mice to normal. C57 pure line mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Lewis lung cancer cells for 24 minutes, and then continuously subcutaneously injected with a new carboxymethyl pachyman (50mg/kg/ day) for 10 days. The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index were as follows: (1) normal mouse group: 39.60 ± 4.86% and 0.99 ± 0.20; (2) Lewis lung cancer group: 24.44 ± 3.38% and 0.55 ± 0.10; Lewis lung cancer plus new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide group: 59.26 ± 6.50% and 1.30 ± 0.21. Swiss mice were subcutaneously inoculated with sarcoma 180 cells for 24 hours, and then subcutaneously injected with a new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (50mg/kg/ day) for 10 days. The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index were as follows: (1) tumor bearing group: 26.88 ± 4.57% and 0.74 ± 0.11; (2) Tumor bearing plus new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide group: 45.92 ± 4.13% and 1.57 ± 0.12. In addition, pharmacological experiments showed that the new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide could significantly improve the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The phagocytic rate of peritoneal macrophages was 38 ± 2.46% and phagocytic index was 0.67 ± 0.04 after intraperitoneal injection of a new carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (300mg/kg/ day) for 7 days; The phagocytic rate of the control group was 19.4 ± 1.27%, and the phagocytic index was 0.32 ± 0.02.
5.2. HMPP can significantly enhance the number of spleen antibody secreting cells (PFC) and specific antigen binding cells (SRFC) in mice. The enhancing effect of HMPP on PFC and SPFC increased with the increase of dose; . After intraperitoneal injection of HMPs 100mg/kg/ day for 4 days, the DTH response induced by BSA in mice was significantly enhanced compared with the control group, P< The difference was significant at 0.01; Hydroxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide can significantly enhance the growth of mouse splenic T cell growth factor (TCGF). Hydroxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide 100mg / kg. after 4 days of continuous intraperitoneal administration, the amount of TCGF produced by mouse splenocytes stimulated by ConA was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the amount of TCGF produced by mice in the treatment group was 3.5 times higher than that of normal mice.
5.3. increase the number of acid nonspecific esterase (ANAE) - positive lymphocytes. Pachyman was prepared into three concentrations of 250mg/kg/ day, 500mg/kg/ day and 1000mg/kg/ day by gavage. The number of acid nonspecific esterase (anad) - positive lymphocytes, hemolytic plaque (PFC) and macrophage phagocytosis were detected on the 8th day. At the same time, the weight of thymus, spleen and tumor was measured. The results showed that pachyman could enhance m phagocytosis (p< 0.01) and increase the number of ANAE positive lymphocytes (p< 0.05). .
5.4. enhance the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes: Poria cocos polysaccharide can enhance the cytotoxic effect of T lymphocytes, that is, enhance the cellular immune response, and thus activate the immune supervision system of the body against tumors, which is closely related to its anti-tumor activity.
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According to this, the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes was observed. Different doses of polysaccharides were added to observe the cytotoxic effect on lymphocytes. The results showed that pachyman and hydroxyethyl pachyman could enhance the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes by 20-28 times, and pachyman and carboxymethyl pachyman could enhance by 4-7 times.
5.4.2. in vivo test: CBA mice were used for the test. P815 tumor cells were used as lymphocyte activator to sensitize them, and various pachyman bodies were injected intraperitoneally on different days. The mice were sacrificed on the 10th day, and splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes (mlnc) were removed. The 51Cr labeled P815 tumor cells were used as the target cells of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity, mixed with the prepared splenocytes and mlnc at a certain ratio (l:100), and cultured for 3 hours to observe the 51Cr release rate. The results showed that various pachyman bodies could enhance the cytotoxic effect of T lymphocytes in vivo. In addition, 100 μ g/ml HMPs could promote the activity of NK cells.
6. effect on blood system: 6.1. it can accelerate the recovery of leucopenia in rats caused by cyclophosphamide.
6.2. the water extract of Poria cocos with water-soluble small molecule polysaccharide can increase the level of 2,3-DPG in isolated healthy human erythrocytes by about 25%, and can effectively delay the depletion of 2,3-DPG in the process of incubation; The overall 2, 3-DPG levels of mice treated intravenously increased significantly.
6.3. subcutaneous injection and intragastric administration of Poria cocos decoction can significantly increase plasma corticosterone in mice.
7. effects on the central nervous system: Poria cocos decoction is injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 5-10g/kg, which has sedative effect on mice pre given or not given caffeine. Synergistic effect of Poria cocos and pentobarbital sodium. Poria cocos Decoction (10g/kg) failed to significantly prolong the anesthesia time of pentobarbital sodium; . This synergistic effect may be caused by their central inhibitory effect, or it may hinder the decomposition and excretion of pentobarbital and prolong the anesthesia time.
8. other effects 8.1. the ethanol extract can increase the blood glucose of rabbits first and then decrease.
8.2. the water, ethanol and ether extracts of Poria cocos can enhance cardiac contraction and accelerate heart rate in isolated frog hearts.
8.3 Poria cocos significantly inhibited MAO-B activity in vitro and in vivo.
8.4 carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (100mg/kg/ day) injected intraperitoneally for 12 days can resist the inhibitory effect of 60Co r-ray on mouse terminal leucocytes, reduce the content of cytochrome P-450 in liver homogenate, and strengthen the central inhibitory effect of thiopental sodium.