Rhizoma Coptidis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Rhizoma Coptidis       This product is the dried rhizome of picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell, a plant of Scrophulariaceae. Excavate in autumn, remove fibrous roots and sediment, and dry in the sun.
      [character] this product is cylindrical, slightly curved, occasionally branched, 3-12cm long, 0.3-1cm in diameter. The surface is grayish brown to dark brown, rough, with dense annular nodes, slightly uplifted bud marks or root marks, and the upper end is densely covered with dark brown scaly petiole residues. It is light, hard and brittle, easy to break, with a slightly flat section, light brown to dark brown. There are 4-10 quasi white punctate vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the wood. The breath is slight and the taste is extremely bitter.
      [identification] (1) take 0.5g of this product powder, place it in a suitable vessel, sublime it at 60 ～ 80 ℃ for 4 hours, and observe it under a microscope. Needle like, needle cluster like, rod-shaped, plate-shaped crystals and yellow globules can be seen.
      (2) Take the sublimate under item (1) of [identification], add a few drops of chloroform to dissolve it as the test solution. In addition, take vanillic acid reference substance and cinnamic acid reference substance, add chloroform to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml each as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use n-hexane diethyl ether glacial acetic acid (5:5:0.1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 30.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol water phosphoric acid (35:65:0.1); .
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of Picroside I reference substance and Picroside II reference substance, accurately weigh them, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 40 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of methanol, close the stopper, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 33khz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, use methanol to make up for the lost weight, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 1ml of continuous filtrate, place it in a 5ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shake it well, and get it.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of Picroside I (c24h28o11) and Picroside II (c23h28o13) in this product shall not be less than 9.0% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      . The product is irregular circular flakes. The outer skin is grayish brown to dark brown. The cut surface is grayish black or brownish black, and there are 4-10 quasi white punctate vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the wood, which is slightly gassy and tastes very bitter.
      [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold. It belongs to the liver, stomach and large intestine.
      [functions and indications] it can eliminate deficiency heat, eliminate malnutrition heat, and clear dampness heat. For bone steaming hot flushes, infantile malnutrition, damp heat diarrhea, jaundice, red urine, hemorrhoids swelling and pain.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ~ 10g.
      [storage] put it in a dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Rhizoma Coptidis
Iridoid glycosides are found in the rhizome of picrorhiza tibetanaBerberineⅠ（picroside)、BerberineⅡ、BerberineⅢ、[1]，Aucubin（aucubin)，Catalpol（catalpol)； Apocynin（androsin)； Vanillic acid（vanillic acid)，cinnamic acid（cinnamic acid)，Ferulic acid(ferulic acid) [1] andD-Mannitol（D-man-nitol)[2]。
Rhizoma Coptidis containsD-Mannitol，Vanillic acid[3][3]，Vanillin ethyl ketone（apocynin)[4]，Picroside II[5] , kutkoside [7], 6-vanilloylcatalpol, veronicoside, minecoside, picein,Apocynin[8] , penta-acetyl-6-vaniloyl Catalpol, hex aacetyl Catalpol [9], and also containing rutin glycosides: 25-acetoxy-2 β - glucooxy-3, 16, 20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5, 23-lanosterol-22-one (25-acetoxy-2 β -glucosyl-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norone lanosta-5,22-dienen-22-one) [10], cucurbitacin b-2-o-glucoside Arvenin Ⅰ), 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin b-2-o-glucoside (23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin b2-o-glucoside), 2- β -glucosylxy-3, 16,20,25-tetrahydroxy-9-yl-19-demethyl-5, 23-lanosterol-22-one (2- β -glucosylxy-3,16,20,25-tetrahy-droxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5, 23, diene-22-one), 2- β - glucooxy -3, 16, 20, 25-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5-ene-22-one, cucurbitacin q-2-o-glu-coside, deacetoxycucurbitacin b-2-o-glucoside [11], arvenin Ⅱ 2- β - glucooxy-3,16,20,25-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5,23-lanostediene-11, 22 Dione, namely 2- β -glucosyloxy-3,16,20,25-tetrahyolroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,23-diene-11, 11,22-dione, cucurbitacin o-2-o- β -glucoside), 2- β - glucooxy-16,20-dihydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5,24-androstene-3,11,22-trione (2- β - Glu cosyloside xy-16,20-dihydroxy-9-methyl 19-norlanosta-5,24-diene-3, 11, 22 trione) [12], 2- β - glucooxy-16, 20,22-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,24-dione, 25-acetoxy-2-β - glucopyranoxy-3,16-dihydroxy-9-norlanosta-5,24-diene-3,11-dione, 25-acetoxy-2-β - glucopyranoxy-3,16-dihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,23-lanosta-22-one,2- β - glucopyra-nosyloxy-3,16-dihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,23-diene-22-one), 25-acetoxy-2 - β - d-glucopyranoxy-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl, - 19-demethyl-5,23 (z) - lanostadien-22-one (25-acetoxy-2 - β - d-glu-copyranosyloxy-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,23 (z) - diene-22-one), 25-acetoxy-2 - β - d-glucopyranoxy-3,16, , 2- β - d-glucopyranosyloxy-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,24-dinene-22-one, 2- β - d-glucopyranoxy-3,16-dihydroxy-4,4,9,14-tetramethyl-19-normethyl-5-pregnane-20-one pregn-5-ene-20-one), 2, 3, 16, 20, 25-pentahydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5-ene-22-one, 2-6-o-cinnamoyl - β - d-glucopyranoxy-3, 16, 20, 25-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5-ene-22-one, 16, 20, 25-tetrahydroxy-19-demethyl-5-lanostene-22-one [2 (6-o-cinnamoyl - β - d-glucopyranosyloxy) - 3, 16, 20,25-te-dihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5-one][14]. （2β，9β，10α，16α，20ξ，24ξ）-20， 24-epoxy-2 - (β - d-glucopyranoxy) - 16,25-dihydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5 lanosteen-3,11-dione [(2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 ξ, 24 ξ) -20,24-epoxy-2 (β - d-glucopyranoxy) - 3,16,25-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5-lanosteen-11-one [(2 β, 3 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 ξ, 24 ξ) -20,24-epoxy-2- (β -d-glucopyranosyloxy) - 2,16,25-hydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5-ene-11-one], (2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16α，20ξ，24ξ）-20， 24-epoxy-2 - (β - d-glucopyranoxy) - 16,25,26-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5-lanostene-3,11-dione [(2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α 20 ξ 24 ξ) -20, 24-epoxy-2- (β - d-glucopyranosyloxy) -16,25,26-tri-hydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5-ene-3,11-dione], (2 β, 3 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 ξ, 10 24 ξ) - 20,24-epoxy-2 - (β - d-glucopyranoxy) - 3,16,25,26-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-normethyl-5-lanosteen-11-one [(2 β, 3 β, 9 β, 10α，16α，20ξ，24ξ）-20-epoxy-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3,16,25,26-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5-ene-11-one)]，（2β，9β，10α，16α，20β，24z）-2-（β-D- Glucopyranoxy) - 16,20,26-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5,24-lanostediene-3,11-dione [(2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 β, 24z）-2-（Βd-glucopyranosyloxy-16,20,26-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5,24-driene-3,11-dione）] And (2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 β, 24Z) -2- (β - d-glucopyranoxy) - 3,16,20,26-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-demethyl-5,24-lanosterol-11-one [(2 β, 9 β, 10 α, 16 α, 20 β, 24Z) -2- (β - d-glucopyranosyloxy) - 3,16,20,26-tetrahydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanost-5,24-diene-11-one][15].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Rhizoma Coptidis
1. hepatoprotective and choleretic effects: the Picroside Ⅱ extracted from picrorhiza chinensis, namely vanilloylcatalpol, proved to have hepatoprotective effect on mice with liver poisoning caused by carbon tetrachloride and choleretic effect on rats. Apocynirie was separated from the petroleum ether extract of Rhizoma Coptidis, which proved to have cholagogic effect on rabbits. The mixture of kutkin, isolated from the ethanol extract of picrorhiza chinensis, orally administered to rats at a dose of 3-50mg/kg, can dose dependently prevent serum and liver biochemical changes in rats caused by thioacetyl gum and other three chemicals, and its effect is better than that of silymarin. Picroside has a dose-dependent cholagogic effect on anesthetized and awake rats and guinea pigs and antagonizes the bile blocking effect of ethinylestradiol.
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3. other effects: apocynin isolated from petroleum ether extract of Coptis chinensis has contractile effect on rat uterus and inhibitory effect on frog heart. Coptis chinensis was extracted with cold (4 ℃) and hot (reflux) deionized water, respectively, and the two extracts were lyophilized and then extracted with methanol. .