Sappan
1、 Hematoxylin pharmacopoeia standard       This product is the dried heartwood of the legume Caesalpinia SAP pan L. More than autumn harvesting, remove white sapwood, dry.
      [character]   This product is long cylindrical or split semi cylindrical, 10 ~ 100cm long, 3 ~ 12cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish red to brownish red, with knife cutting marks, and longitudinal cracks are common. It is hard. The cross-section is slightly shiny, and the growth rings are obvious. In some cases, dark brown, loose and bright star shaped medullary parts can be seen. The breath is slight and the taste is slightly astringent.
      [identification] (1) cross section of the product: 1-2 rows of cells with a wide ray. The diameter of the catheter is about 160 μ m, and it often contains yellowish brown or reddish brown substances. The wood fiber is polygonal and the wall is extremely thick. Wood parenchyma cell wall is thick, lignified, and some contain calcium oxalate crystals. The parenchymal cells in the medulla are irregular polygonal, of different sizes, with slightly lignified walls and striated pores.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Another 1g of Sappan reference medicinal material was taken and prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use chloroform acetone formic acid (8:4:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and immediately place them in the dryer for 12 hours, and then put them under the UV light (254nm) for inspection. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      [extract]   .
        Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Saw a length of about 3cm, then cut it into pieces or grind it into coarse powder.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Sweet, salty, flat. Homing, liver and spleen meridians.
      ; Activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and pain. It is used for falling injury, fracture tendon injury, swelling and pain due to blood stasis, dysmenorrhea due to amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, chest and abdomen tingling, carbuncle swelling and pain.
      [usage and dosage]   3～9g。
      [note]   Caution for pregnant women.
      [storage]   Place in a dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of Sappan
The heartwood contains chromogenanes: 3- (3 ', 4-dihydroxybenzyl) - 7-hydroxy-4-chromogenanone [3- (3, ˊ 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzvl) -7-hydroxychroman-4-one], namely 3-deoxysappane B, 3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ - dihydroxybenzylidene) - 7-hydroxy-4-chromogenanone [3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzylidene) -7-hydroxy chroman-4-one], 3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzylidene) -7-hydroxy chroman-4-one].3 ˊ, 4 ˊ - dihydroxybenzyl) - 3,7-dihydroxy-4 chromoalkanone [3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzyl) -3, 7-dihydroxychroman-4-one] is sappanone B, 3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ - dihydroxybenzyl) - 4,7-dihydroxychromanol [3- (3 ˊ 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzyl) - 4,7-dihydroxy chromanol], 3 ˊ (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ - dihydroxybenzyl) - 7-hydroxy-4-methoxychromanol [3- (3 ˊ, 4 ˊ -dihydroxybenzyl) - 7-hydroxy-4-methyl Hoxy chromanol), 7-hydroxy-3 - (4 ˊ - hydroxybenzylidene) - chroman-4-one, 3, 7-dihydroxy-3 - (4 ˊ - hydroxybenzylidene) - 4-chroman-4-one is 3 ˊ - deoxysappanoneb, 7-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3 - (4 ˊ - methoxybenzylidene) - 4-chroman-4-one, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3 - (4 ˊ - methoxybenzylidene) chroman-4-one.7-trihydroxy-3 - (4 ˊ - hydroxybenzyl) chroman, sappanol, episappanol, 3 ˊ - deoxysappanol, 3 ˊ - o-methylsappanol, 3 ˊ - o-methylepisappanol, 4-o-methylsappanol, 4-o-methylepisappanol. Also containsBrazilian hematoxylin(drazilin), 3 ˊ - o-methyl Brazilin and Brazilin derivatives 1 and 2. Also containsPhytolacca flavin(ombuin)， Rhamnetin,quercetin Flavonoids such as quercetin and 4,4 ˊ - dihydroxy-2 ˊ -methoxychalcone, 2 ˊ - methoxy-3,4,4 ˊ - trihydroxychalcone areHematoxylin chalcone(sappanchalcone)。 It also contains dibenzoepoheptane compounds:Protohematoxylin a(protosappanin)、ProtohematoxylinB、 C. E-1, E-2 and 10-o-methylprotosapanin B. It also contains calsalpin J, P, octacosanol,β - sitosterol(β -sitosterol) andTaraxacum terpene alcohol(taraxerol)。

3、 Pharmacological effects of Sappan
1. effects on circulatory system for the mesenteric microcirculation disorder caused by epinephrine in mice, the water decoction alcohol extract of Sappan can significantly promote the blood flow of micro arteries and promote the recovery of microcirculation and pipe diameter, but the effect of Sappan is only moderate in the 20 drugs for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Intravenous injection of Sappan water decocted alcohol extract in dogs can also increase coronary flow, reduce coronary resistance, reduce heart rate, reduce left ventricular work, but increase the; . When injected directly into the femoral artery at 20mg (crude drug) /kg, it was the only drug that could not significantly increase the peripheral blood flow of anesthetized dogs.
2. effect on blood for the blood of rabbits with experimental blood stasis syndrome caused by intravenous injection of high molecular dextran, sappan injection can significantly reduce the blood viscosity in the test tube. The effect of Sappan at various shear speeds is very significant, but the effect of Sappan is weaker in the 20 kinds of blood activating drugs tested; There was no significant effect on the erythrocyte aggregation index of hematoxylin. For ADP induced platelet aggregation in rats, 100mg/ml hematoxylin had inhibitory effect. Brazilian hematoxylin derivatives 1 and 2 have anti hypercholesterolemia effects.
3. the anticancer effect takes the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 as the target cell, and the sappan water extract 0.5mg (crude drug) /kg has cytotoxic effect. It also has strong effects on mouse lymphoma cell line YAC-1, human erythromyeloid leukemia cell line K562 and mouse fibroblast cell line L929. The survival time of EAC tumor bearing mice was also significantly prolonged by intraperitoneal injection of Sumu decoction. For experimental leukemia in mice, hematoxylin can also significantly prolong the survival time of P388 and L1210. Daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.1ml and 0.2ml of 1:1 Decoction resulted in 97.8%, 107.8% (P388) and 102.6%, 117.5% (L1210) prolongation rates for 7 consecutive days, respectively. Japan reported that the lowest inhibitory concentration of hematoxylin on HL-60 cells in vitro was 0.2%. At this concentration, the inhibitory rates were 20% and 35% after 3 and 6 hours, respectively. Increasing the concentration of hematoxylin, the inhibitory effect was enhanced, but even if the concentration of hematoxylin was still 0.2% and the action time was extended to 24 hours, the production rate could reach more than 50%. Under the action of hematoxylin, the glutamine synthetase activity of HL-60 was also inhibited, and this effect was also strengthened with the increase of drug concentration. In addition, hematoxylin has the effect of inhibiting mutagenesis.
. In addition, it was reported in the early years that hematoxylin has hypnotic effect on mice, rabbits and guinea pigs in different ways of administration. Increasing the dose also has anesthetic effect, and can resist the central excitatory effect of strychnine and cocaine. In addition, the hematoxylin mixture and decoction have strong antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Diphtheria Bacillus, influenza bacillus, dysentery flexneri and paratyphoid C bacillus in vitro, and also have inhibitory effects on pertussis bacillus, typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid A, B bacillus and pneumoniae.
5. the LD50 of toxic sappan Decoction injected intraperitoneally to mice is 18.9/kg.