American ginseng
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of American ginseng       This product is the dried root of Panax quinquefolium L., a plant of Araliaceae. They are all cultivated products. They are dug in autumn, washed, dried in the sun or at low temperature.
      [properties] this product is spindle shaped, cylindrical or conical, 3-12cm long and 0.8-2cm in diameter. Its surface is light yellowish brown or yellowish white, with transverse ring lines and linear lenticular protrusions, and there are fine and dense shallow longitudinal wrinkles and fibrous root marks. There are one to several lateral roots in the middle and lower part of the main root, most of which have been broken. Some have rhizomes (reed heads) at the upper end, obvious links, round or semi-circular stem scars (reed bowls), with adventitious roots (crowns) or broken. Weight, solid, not easy to break, flat section, light yellowish white, slightly powdery, yellowish brown punctate resin channels can be seen on the skin, the forming layer is brownish yellow, and the wood is slightly radial. .
      [identification] take 1g of this product powder, add 25ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 20ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract with water saturated n-butanol twice, 25ml each time, combine n-butanol extract, wash with water twice, 10ml each time, separate n-butanol solution, evaporate to dryness, add 4ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 1g of American ginseng control medicinal material was taken, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take ginsenoside F11 control sample, ginsenoside Rb1 control sample, ginsenoside Re control sample, Ginsenoside Rg1 control sample, add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml, respectively, as the control solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 µ l of each of the above six solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the lower layer solution of chloroform ethyl acetate methanol water (15:40:22:10) placed at 5 ~ 10 ℃ for 12 hours as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, and check them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample, respectively.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   .
      Ginseng   Take 1g of ginseng reference medicinal material and prepare the reference medicinal material solution according to the method of preparation of reference medicinal material solution under [identification]. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 µ l of the test solution and the above reference medicinal material solution under the item of [identification], respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the lower layer solution of chloroform methanol water (13:7:2) at 5 ～ 10 ℃ for 12 hours as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, and inspect them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm). .
      Heavy metals and harmful elements   According to the determination method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper (general rule 2321 atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), lead shall not exceed 5mg/kg; Cadmium shall not exceed 0.3mg/kg; Arsenic shall not exceed 2mg/kg; Mercury shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; .
      Pesticide residues were determined according to the method for determination of pesticide residues (general rule 2341 determination of organochlorine pesticide residues - second method).
      The total BHC content (the sum of α -bhc, β -bhc, γ -bhc and δ -bhc) shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; Total DDT (the sum of PP '-dde, PP' -ddd, Op '-ddt and PP' -ddt) shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; Pentachloronitrobenzene shall not exceed 0.1mg/kg; Hexachlorobenzene shall not exceed 0.1mg/kg; Heptachlor (sum of heptachlor and epoxy heptachlor) shall not exceed 0.05mg/kg; Aldrin shall not exceed 0.05mg/kg; .
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method (general rule 2201) under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract, 70% ethanol is used as solvent, which shall not be less than 30.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile was used as mobile phase a, and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution was used as mobile phase B. gradient elution was performed according to the following table; The detection wavelength was 203nm, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. .
   
        Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of Ginsenoside Rg1 reference substance, ginsenoside Re reference substance and ginsenoside Rb1 reference substance, accurately weigh them, and add methanol to make a solution containing 10.1mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4mg ginsenoside Re and 1mg ginsenoside Rb1 per 1ml.
      ; Take about 1g of this product powder (through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of water saturated n-butanol precisely, weigh it, heat it in a water bath, reflux it for 1.5 hours, cool it, weigh it again, use water saturated n-butanol to make up for the lost weight, shake it well, and filter it. Accurately measure 25ml of the secondary filtrate, put it in an evaporation dish, evaporate to dryness, add 50% methanol to the residue to dissolve, transfer to a 10ml volumetric flask, add 50% methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the secondary filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of Ginsenoside Rg1 (c42h72o14), ginsenoside Re (c48h82o18) and ginsenoside Rb1 (c54h92o23) in this product shall not be less than 2.0%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove the reed, moisten thoroughly, slice, dry or mash when used.
      This product is in oblong or quasi circular flakes. The outer skin is light yellowish brown. The cut surface is yellowish white to yellowish white, the cambium ring is brownish yellow, the skin has yellowish brown punctate resin channels, there are many and obvious near the cambium ring, and the wood is slightly radial texture. The flavor is slightly bitter and sweet.
      [extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, not less than 25.0%.
      [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, slightly bitter, cool. Return to heart, lung and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] invigorate Qi and Yin, clear away heat and generate fluid. It is used for Qi deficiency and yin deficiency, asthenic heat and tiredness, cough and asthma, phlegm and blood, internal heat and thirst, dry mouth and dry throat.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G, decoct and take it separately.
      [note] it is not suitable to use with resveratrol
      .


2、 Chemical constituents of American ginseng
The rhizome contains glycosides, mainly panaquilon; It also contains volatile oil, resin, etc. It contains 6.4% - 7.3% of total saponins, and Panaxadiol is mainly obtained by hydrolysis; In additionPanaxatriolandoleanolic acid . Liaoning cultivar containsGinsenosides RB1、GinsenosidesRb2、GinsenosidesRd、GinsenosidesRe、GinsenosidesRf、GinsenosidesRg1、GinsenosidesRg2、GinsenosidesRg3、GinsenosidesRh1、GinsenosidesR. AndGinsenosidesRo, also reportedGinsenoside RC. in addition, includingCarotene(daucosterin)、oleanolic acid , stigmasterol-5-en-3ol, stigmast-3,5-diene-7-one. The cultivated products also contain volatile oil, oil, amino acids and a variety of trace elements. . The oil contains hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecenoic acid, octadecenoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecenoic acid, 8-methyldecanoic acid, and acetic acid has also been reported. There are more than 17 kinds of amino acids, among which the essential amino acids for human body areL-threonine、L-valine 、L-Methionine 、L-isoleucine、l-leucine 、L-lysineandL-phenylalanine; anotherl-his andL-arginine. It contains iron, chromium, copper, boron, manganese, strontium, and zinc, as well as calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. It is reported that it is still available from American ginseng rootPseudoginseng saponin F11(pseudoginsenoside F11)。

3、 Pharmacological effects of American ginseng
1. American ginseng saponin 60mg/kg is injected intraperitoneally, which has anti fatigue effect and can prolong the swimming time of mice.

2. antidiuretic: American ginseng saponin 60mg/kg intraperitoneal injection has antidiuretic effect on rats.

3. hypoxia resistance: American ginseng saponin 60mg/kg intraperitoneal injection can prolong the survival time of hypoxic mice.

4. anticonvulsant: American ginseng saponin 60mg/kg intraperitoneal injection can reduce the mortality of pentylenetetrazole convulsion and strychnine convulsion.