Panax japonicus
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Panax japonicus       This product is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus c.a.mey., a plant of Acanthopanax family. Excavate in autumn, remove the taproot and skin, and dry.
      [character] this product is slightly cylindrical, slightly curved, and some have fleshy lateral roots. It is 5 ～ 22cm long and 0.8 ～ 2.5cm in diameter. Its surface is yellow or yellowish brown, rough, with dense longitudinal wrinkles and root marks. The nodes are obvious, the internode is 0.8 ~ 2cm long, and each node has 1 concave stem mark. It is hard, with yellowish white to yellowish brown section, and yellow punctate vascular bundles arranged in a ring. It tastes bitter and slightly sweet.
      . The cortex is slightly wider with a few secretory tracts. The vascular bundle is tough outside, arranged in a ring, and the cambium forms a ring. Secretory ducts were occasionally seen in phloem. Xylem bundles are arranged in 2-4 rows radially or in a single row; Wood fibers usually have 1-4 bundles, and some of them have large lignified sclerenchyma cells beside the bundles. Central myelination. Parenchyma cells contain numerous calcium oxalate cluster crystals with a diameter of 17-70 µ m and starch granules.
      Powder yellowish white to yellowish brown. The wood fibers are in bundles with a diameter of about 25 µ m, the wall is slightly thick, and the pits are inclined to crack, and some cross in a herringbone shape. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are common, with a diameter of 15-70 µ M. the diameter of ladder shaped duct, reticulated duct or marginal pit duct is 20-70 µ M. resin tract fragments are occasionally seen, containing yellow blocks. The fragment cells of cork tissue were polygonal, rectangular or irregular, and the wall was thick. The starch grains are numerous, mostly single, quasi circular, with a diameter of about 10 µ m, or have been gelatinized.
      (2) Take 1g of powder of the product, add 5-10 drops of water, mix well, add 10ml of saturated n-butanol, plug tightly, shake for about 10 minutes, place overnight, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 10ml of mixed solution of sulfuric acid and 30% ethanol (1 → 20) to the residue, heat and reflux for 2 hours, shake and extract with 20ml of chloroform, separate the chloroform solution, wash with 10ml of water, discard the water solution, evaporate the chloroform solution, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take oleanolic acid control sample, Panaxadiol control sample and Panaxatriol control sample, and add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg oleanolic acid, 0.5mg Panaxadiol and 0.5mg Panaxatriol per 1ml as the control solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 µ l of the test solution and 1 µ l of the control solution, respectively, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use cyclohexane dichloromethane ethyl acetate glacial acetic acid (20:5:8:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% thioic acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 8.0% (general rule 2302).
      Decoction pieces
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      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, slightly bitter, warm. It belongs to the liver, spleen and lung meridians.
      [functions and indications] dispel blood stasis and stop bleeding, reduce swelling and pain, dispel phlegm and cough, tonify deficiency and strengthen. It is used for tuberculosis cough, hemoptysis, falling and flapping injury, cough and phlegm, and weakness after illness.
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      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Panax japonicus
The rhizome contains chikusetsu saponin ⅢPanax japonicus saponin Ⅳ a、Ginsenoside ro、，Ginsenoside Rd、GinsenosidesRe、GinsenosidesRg1、GinsenosidesRg2，Notoginsenoside R2(notoginsenoside R2)， Pseudoginsenoside F11, methyl ester of chikusetsu saponin V, and other five saponins: oleanolic acid-3-o - β -d- (6'- methyl ester) Oleanolic acid-3-o - β -d- (6'-methylester) -glucuronopyranoside], oleanolic acid-28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, β - sitosterol-3-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, oleanolic acid-3-o - [β -d- (6'- methyl ester) - glucopyranosyl] - 28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside oleanolic acid-3-O-[β-D-(6'-methylester),glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside}, Oleanolic acid-3-o - [β - D-glucopyranose (1 → 2) - β - D-glucopyranose] - 28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside

3、 Pharmacological effects of Panax japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonicus l.var.japonic