Sanguisorba officinalis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Sanguisorba officinalis       This product is the dried root of Sanguisorba officinalis L. or Sanguisorba officinalis l.var.longifolia (bert.) y ü et Li, a Rosaceae plant. The latter is commonly known as "Sanguisorba officinalis". When the plants will germinate in spring or wither in autumn, they shall be dug, fibrous roots shall be removed, washed and dried, or sliced while fresh and dried.
      [character] Sanguisorba officinalis   This product is irregular spindle shaped or cylindrical, slightly curved, 5-25cm long, 0.5-2cm in diameter. The surface is grayish brown to dark brown, rough, with longitudinal lines. . It is slightly bitter and astringent.
      Sanguisorba officinalis   This product is long cylindrical, slightly curved, and is inserted on the short and thick rhizome; The surface is reddish brown or brownish purple with fine longitudinal lines. It is tough, with yellowish brown or reddish brown section, and most yellowish white or yellowish brown woolly fibers in the skin. It is slightly bitter and astringent.
      [identification] (1) cross section of root: Sanguisorba officinalis   The cork layer is a series of brown cells. The cells in the inner layer of the thrombus are oblong. Phloem is fissured. The cambium ring is obvious. Xylem vessels are radially arranged, fibers are non lignified, and primary xylem is obvious. .
      Sanguisorba officinalis   There are many single or bundle fibers in the inner layer of the plug and the phloem, and the phloem rays are obvious; Xylem fiber is few.
      Sanguisorba officinalis powder is grayish yellow to earthy yellow. Calcium oxalate has many cluster crystals with blunt edges and corners, and the diameter is 18-65 µ m. There are many starch grains, many of which are single grains, 11-25 µ m long and 3-9 µ m in diameter. They are quasi circular, widely oval or irregular, and the umbilical points are mostly crack like, with no obvious laminar lines. Cork cells are yellowish brown, rectangular, and some of the lumens contain yellowish brown patches or oil droplets. . The diameter of calcium oxalate square crystal is 5 ～ 20 µ M.
      Sanguisorba officinalis powder is reddish brown. Phloem fibers are numerous, scattered or in bundles, with thick walls, 7-26 µ m in diameter, long and non lignified.
      . In addition, take gallic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5-10 µ l of the test solution and 5 µ l of the control solution, respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, develop them with toluene (saturated with water) - ethyl acetate formic acid (6:3:1), take them out, dry them, and spray 1% ferric chloride ethanol solution. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 14.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 10.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 23.0%.
      [content determination] tannin   .
      It shall not be less than 8.0% according to the dry product.
      Gallic acid   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was methanol-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (5:95); The detection wavelength was 272nm. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 2000 according to the gallic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, put it into a corked conical flask, add 10ml of 10% hydrochloric acid solution, heat and reflux for 3 hours, cool it, filter it, put the filtrate into a 100ml volumetric flask, wash the container and residue with appropriate amount of water for several times, filter the lotion into the same volumetric flask, add water to the scale, shake it well, filter it, and take the secondary filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] Sanguisorba officinalis   Remove impurities; If it is not sliced, wash it, remove the residual stem, moisten it thoroughly, cut it into thick pieces, and dry it.
      This product is irregular round like slice or oblique slice. The outer skin is grayish brown to dark brown. The section is flat, pink, light yellow or yellowish brown, and the wood is slightly radially arranged; Or there are many yellowish brown woolly fibers in the skin. It is slightly bitter and astringent.
      [check] moisture   No more than 12.0% for the same medicinal materials.
      [identification] (except the cross section) [inspection] (total ash content   Acid insoluble ash) [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      ; Remove the Sanguisorba officinalis slices and stir fry them according to the charcoal roasting method (general rule 0213) until the surface is scorched black and the interior is brown.
      This product is shaped like Sanguisorba officinalis tablets, with a burnt black surface and brown color inside. It has scorched aroma and slightly bitter taste.
      [identification] (2) the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, not less than 20.0%.
      [content determination] the tannin of the same medicinal material shall not be less than 2.0%. Gallic acid shall not be less than 0.60%.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sour, astringent, slightly cold. .
      [functions and indications] cool blood, stop bleeding, detoxify and heal sores. It is used for hematochezia, hemorrhoids, blood dysentery, metrorrhagia and leakage, water and fire burns, carbuncle, swelling and sore poison.
      [usage and dosage] 9 ～ 15g. Apply appropriate amount externally, and coat the affected part with ground powder.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Sanguisorba officinalis
The root contains a variety of tannin components: sanguiin H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6, H-7, H-8, H-9, h-10, h-11, 1,2,6-trigalloyl - β - D-glucose, 1,2,3,6-tetragalloyl - β - D-glucose, 2,3,6-tetragalloyl - β - D-glucose,6-tetragalloyl-d-glucose,1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl - β - D-glucose(1, 2, 3, 4, 6-pentagalloyl - β - D-glucose), 6-o-galloyl - β - d-glucopyranoside, 6-o-bisgalloyl - β - d-glucopyranoside, 4.6-o-bisgalloyl - β - d-glucopyranoside, 4.6-o-bisgalloyl - β - d-glucopyranoside,galloyl- β - d-glucopyranoside), 2,3,6-o-tri-galloylmethyl - β - d-glucopyranoside (methyl-2,3, , 3’-tri-O-methylellagicacid）， Sanguisorbicaciddilactone. It also contains two kinds of gallinoyl hamamelise derivatives: 5,2 '- bis-o-galloylhamamelose, 2', 3,5-tri-o-galloyl-d-furanofuranose. The root also contains a variety of flavan-3-drunk derivatives: catechin, 7-o-galloyl-d-catechin [7-o-galloyl - (+) - catechin], 3-o-galloylprocyanidin B-3, 3-o-galloyl procyanidin C-2, gambiriin A-1, gambirin B-3 iinb-3). From the roots, we also obtained sanguisorbin Ⅰ and Ⅱ, sanguisorbin a, B, C, D, e (among which, the confirmed structures are B and E), sauvissimoside R1, pomolic-28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone, 3,3, 4-tri-o-methylgallic acid (3,4,3 '- tri-o-methylgallic acid), 3,4,4' - tri-o-methylgallic acid (3,4, 4’-tri-O-methylellagicacid）， Sanguisorbigenin,Carotene（β-Sitostrol-β-D-glucoside）， 3-oxo-19a-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3,11-dioxo-19a-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, pomolicacid, 2a hydroxypomolicacid arePotentilla acid（tormenticacid）。

Dextrocatechin was isolated from the rhizome,(+) - Gallic catechin（gallocatechin）。 Stems and leaves are rich in flavonoid glycosides, and aglycones arequercetin （quercetin）， Kaempferol. Also containsBetulinic acid（betulicacid）。

3、 Pharmacological effects of Sanguisorba officinalis
1. hemostatic effect
2. anti inflammatory effect
3. promote wound healing
4. antibacterial effect
5. antiemetic effect