Pinus koraiensis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Pinus koraiensis       This product is the dried roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi dc., a plant of patriniaceae. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove sediment and impurities, and dry in the sun or in the shade.
      [character] this product is slightly conical, more curved, 5-18cm long. The rhizome is short and small, with stem and leaf residues at the upper end, which is in a narrow and long membranous sheet or fiber shape. The outer layer is black brown, and the inner layer is brown or yellow. The root is single or several overlapping, branching or juxtaposing, with a diameter of 0.3 ~ 1cm. The surface is brown, wrinkled, and has fine roots and fibrous roots. It is brittle, easy to break, with rough section, dark brown skin, often in the shape of lobes, and yellowish white wood. It has special Qi, bitter and pungent taste, and has a cool feeling.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is dark brown. Stone cells are round or irregular polygonal, occasionally long strips, single or in groups, with a diameter of 33-64 μ m and a length of 200 μ m or longer. The wall is very thick, colorless, and the cell cavity is narrow. Ladder shaped duct or reticulated duct, 7-40 μ m in diameter, small ladder shaped duct in bundles, and sometimes slender wood fibers can be seen next to it. Cork cells are mostly irregular polygonal, with dark brown walls and thin, containing yellow to brownish yellow volatile oil. There are many fragments of residues in basal leaves. The cells are rectangular or long polygonal, light yellow to brown, 20-31 μ m in diameter, 50-90 μ m in length, and the wall is Rosary thickened. The other kind of debris cells are long strips, up to 200 μ m in length, and sometimes the wall is Rosary thickened.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 20ml of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃), sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 5ml of petroleum ether to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 0.5g of the control medicinal material of Pinus armandi was taken and made into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate (4:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under UV light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample; Spray 0.5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution and heat it at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same orange yellow spots appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      ; Not more than 12.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      .
      The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 2.0% (ml/g).
      Carbamazepine   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; Acetonitrile water (65:35) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 254nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the peak of carbamazepine.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of carbamazepine reference substance, accurately weigh it, put it into a brown volumetric flask, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.28mg per 1ml, and then get it (stored under 10 ℃).
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 2 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 20ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, sonicate (power 50W, frequency 45khz) for 15 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 ～ 15 μ l of the reference solution and the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of carbamazepine (c15h22o3) shall not be less than 0.10%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities and sediment, wash, cut into long sections, and dry.
      This product is irregular in length. The root is cylindrical, and the surface is brown. . The skin of the cut surface is dark brown, often in the shape of lobes, and the wood is yellowish white. It has special Qi and tastes bitter and pungent.
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 10.0%.
      [content determination] the volatile oil of the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.8% (ml/g).
      [identification] the same as medicinal materials.
      . Return to spleen and stomach meridian.
      [functions and indications] regulating qi and relieving pain, activating depression and invigorating the spleen; External use dispels dampness and detumescence. For abdominal distention, loss of appetite, vomiting; For external use, it can cure toothache and emphysema.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G. For external use, rinse your mouth in soup or wash your feet in decoction or apply it on the affected area after grinding.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Pinus koraiensis
1. the roots and rhizomes of Pinus koraiensis contain a variety of sesquiterpenoids, valeranone,Carbamazepine（nardosinone）， 1 (10) - aristolene [1 (10) -aristolene], 9-aristolene-2-one [1 (10) aristolene-2-one], 1,8,9,10-tetrahydroaristolan-2-one [2], also known as nardostachone [3], 9-aristolene-1 α -ol, also known as nardostachnol, 1,2,9,10-tetrahydroaristolol alkane (1, 2, 9, 10 tetrahydroaristolane) [4], debilone [5], Patchouliacohol, β - patchoulene [6], narchinol a[7], β - maalie ne [8], nardonoxide [9], kanshone a, b[10, c[11]d, e, isonardosinone, nardoinonediol, nardofuran [12], de oxonarchinol a[13]. Gansongone, Ganson gol are 1 (10) - aristolene-9 β - ol [1 (10) -aristolen-9 β -ol], 9 β - aristolaln-9 β -ol [14], 11-cineole-2,4 α - diol [15], etc. And the iridoid compound nardosta chin [16]. It also contains triterpenoids:oleanolic acid （oleanolicacid）[14]，Ursolic acid,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol）[14]。

2. the roots and rhizomes of Pinus latifolia contain a variety of sesquiterpenoids: jatamansicacid [17], calarene [18], valepoterpenone, also known as jatamansone [19], nardol [20], β - EU desmol, elemol [21], calarenol [22], manninone [23], seychellene, seychellane [24], and norseychelanone, α - and β - patchoulene, patchouliacohol [25], 9-aristolochicene-2-one [26], . It also contains furan coumarin components: angelicin, jatamansinol [2], oroselol, jatamansin is jatamansinylangelate [28]; Monoterpene components: α - and β - pinene, 3-carene [21]; Alkaloid composition: ACTINIDINE [29]; Other ingredients: isovalericacid, n-hexacosane, n-hexacosanol, n-hexacosane, n-hexacosanol, n-hexacosanol, n-hexacosanol, n-hexacosanylarachidate, n-hexacosanylisovalerate, β - sitosterol [23].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Pinus koraiensis
1. central sedation:
2. antiarrhythmic effect:
. When dogs were intravenously injected with 0.1-1.0mg/kg volatile oil, the blood pressure of dogs decreased by 1.9995-3.9996kpa, lasting for several hours; It can weaken cardiac contractility and accelerate heart rate, and has certain anti adrenal and peripheral vascular effects.

4. effect on smooth muscle: before and after spraying histamine to guinea pigs, the application of Pinus sylvestris var. latifolia can cause bronchiectasis. The alcohol extract can antagonize histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine in isolated smooth muscle organs (small intestine, large intestine, uterus and bronchus); . It may be related to the treatment of asthma, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, etc.

5. Gansong injection 16.7, 40, 60g/kg intravenously enhances the hypoxia tolerance of mice.

6. other effects: the volatile oil of Pinus sylvestris var. latifolia has weak antibacterial, wind expelling and spasmolytic effects, and has no local irritation to skin and mucosa. When injected subcutaneously with Glycyrrhiza glabra, rabbits showed sluggish response to stimulation, drowsiness, and decreased appetite. Mannitol extract has antihypertensive and antiulcer effects.