Gastrodia elata Blume
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Gastrodia elata       This product is the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl., an orchid plant. Excavate from the beginning of winter to the next Tomb Sweeping Day, wash immediately, evaporate thoroughly, and dry at low temperature.
      . There are reddish brown to dark brown parrot shaped buds or residual stem bases at the top; There is a round umbilical scar at the other end. It is hard, not easy to break, with flat section, yellowish white to light brown, horny like. The air is weak and the taste is sweet.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: there is residue in the epidermis, and the lower skin is composed of 2-3 rows of tangentially extended thrombotic cells. The cortex is composed of 10 series of polygonal cells, some of which contain calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles. There are 2-3 rows of oval thick walled cells at the junction of cortex and cortex of older tubers, which are lignified and have obvious pits. The middle column accounts for the majority, with small circumferential vascular bundles scattered; Parenchyma cells also contain calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles.
      Powder yellowish white to yellowish brown. The sclerenchyma cells are oval or polygonal, with a diameter of 70-180 μ m and a wall thickness of 3-8 μ M. they are lignified and have obvious pits. Calcium oxalate needle crystals are in bundles or scattered, with a length of 25-75 (93) μ M. The parenchymal cells containing gelatinized polysaccharides were colorless when observed with acetic acid glycerin water tablets. Some cells could see long oval, long oval or quasi circular particles, which were brown or light brownish purple when exposed to iodine solution. The diameter of threaded conduit, reticulated conduit and annular conduit is 8-30 μ M.The diameter of the threaded conduit is 0.5-0.5 μ M.The diameter of the reticulated conduit is 0.5-0.5 μ M.The diameter of the threaded conduit is 0.5-0.5.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of 70% methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Another 0.5g of Gastrodia elata reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take gastrodin reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of the test solution, 5 μ l of the control medicinal material solution and the control solution, respectively, and dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, develop them with ethyl acetate methanol water (9:1:0.2), take them out, dry them, spray 10% phosphomolybdic acid ethanol solution, heat them at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      (3) Take the reference substance of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and add ethanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of the test solution, 5 μ l of the control medicinal material solution and the above control solution under c identification] (2), respectively dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate (1:1) as the developing agent, unfold, take out, air dry, spray 10% phosphomolybdic acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 4.5% (general rule 2302).
      Sulfur dioxide residue   According to the determination method of sulfur dioxide residue (general rule 2331), it shall not exceed 400mg/kg.
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system adaptability test   ; ; The detection wavelength is 220nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the gastrodin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of gastrodin reference substance and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reference substance, weigh accurately, add acetonitrile water (3:97) mixed solution to make a mixed solution containing 50 μ g gastrodin and 25 μ g p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 2G of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of dilute ethanol, weigh it, sonicate (Power 120W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with dilute ethanol, filter it, accurately measure 10ml of the continued filtrate, concentrate it to nearly dry without alcohol flavor, add acetonitrile water (3:97) mixed solution to dissolve the residue, transfer it to a 25ml measuring flask, dilute it to the scale with acetonitrile water (3:97) mixed solution, shake it well, filter it, and take the continued filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 5 μ l of the reference solution and 5 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of gastrodin (c13h18o7) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (c7h8o2) in this product shall not be less than 0.25% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] wash, moisten or steam until soft, slice and dry.
      The product is in irregular flakes. The outer skin is yellowish to yellowish brown, and sometimes there are dotted horizontal rings. The cut surface is yellowish white to light brown. Cuticular, translucent. The air is weak and the taste is sweet.
      [check] moisture   No more than 12.0% for the same medicinal materials.
      [identification] (except for the cross section) [inspection] (total ash and sulfur dioxide residues) [extract] [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet and smooth. Return to liver meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can stop wind and spasm, calm liver Yang, dispel wind and unblock collaterals. It is used for infantile convulsion, epilepsy, tetanus, headache and dizziness, hand and foot failure, limb numbness, rheumatism and arthralgia.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume
The main components with high content in Gastrodia elata Blume areGastrodin（gasTCMLIBodin）， Also known asGastrodinIts chemical composition is p-hydroxymethylphenyl - β - d-glucopyranoside; It also contains gastrodin, whose chemical composition is bis - (4-hydroxybenzyl) - ether mono - β - d-glucopyranoside. It also contains p-hydroxybenzylalcohol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzylmethyl ether, 4- (4'- hydroxybenzyloxy) benzylmethyl ether [4- (4'-hydroxybenzyloxy) -benzylmethyl], bis (4-hydroxybenzyl) ether [bis (4-hydroxybenzyl) ether], tri [4- (β - d-glucopyranoxy) benzyl] citrate ester

3、 Pharmacological effects of Gastrodia elata Blume
1. sedative effect: 1.1. the effect of vanilla alcohol on the spontaneous activity of mice: 150 mice were divided into 50 groups, with 3 mice in each group, and 18 mice in the control group. 0.2ml of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally into each mouse, and 32 mice in the treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 200mg/kg of Vanilla alcohol (synthetic) and 200mg/kg of vanillin, a control drug. The number of activities of mice in each group for 15 minutes was recorded according to the designed pedal mouse activity recorder at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the administration. The mean value, inhibition percentage, and significance test results of the number of activities in each treatment group and control group at different times were recorded. The results showed that the spontaneous activity of vanilla alcohol and the control drug vanillin decreased most significantly in about 15-30 minutes, showing a peak sedation.
1.2. effects of Gastrodia elata aqua and Armillaria mellea fermented liquid on the autonomous activities of mice: the mice were divided into 10 groups, with 5 mice in each group. They were put into the optoelectronic recording mouse activity box, and the number of mouse activities within 10 minutes was observed. The administration group was intraperitoneally injected with gastrodia elata aqua and 10g/kg (each 1ml of Gastrodia elata aqua is equivalent to 1g of crude medicine, the same below). The fermentation broth group was intraperitoneally injected with different doses of fermentation broth (Armillaria mellea fermentation broth was obtained by fermentation of glucose, fructose and the by-product of dextran production from sucrose, expressed as fermentation broth Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively). During the experiment, the fermentation broth was concentrated 10 times, administered, pH = 5-6, the same below. After 30 minutes, the activity number of mice was observed, and compared with the control, the results showed that Gastrodia elata aqua and fermentation broth had obvious inhibitory effects on the autonomous activities of mice.
1.3. effects of Gastrodia elata injection, gastrodin and gastrodin on the autonomous activities of mice: eight mice in each group were used for the experiment, which were recorded four times. After giving normal saline or drugs for 30 minutes, the total number of activities of two mice in 10 minutes was recorded. The dose was 10g/kg of Gastrodia elata injection (Gastrodia elata raw material was precipitated by water extraction and fermentation, and the supernatant was concentrated to 2.5g/ml, the same below), 20g (equivalent to crude drug) /kg of gastrodin part (gastrodin injection was prepared by dextran gel method, the same below), and 25, 50100mg/kg of gastrodin. Results: 10g/kg of Gastrodia elata injection and 20g/kg of gastrodin part g/ kg can reduce the spontaneous activity of mice. Gastrodin had no effect at three doses.
2. effect on the effect of subthreshold dose of sodium pentobarbital: 2.1. effect of Gastrodia elata aqua and Armillaria mellea fermented liquid on the effect of sodium pentobarbital: mice were intraperitoneally injected with 30mg/kg sodium pentobarbital, and the number of sleeping animals in 10 animals was observed according to the standard that the righting reflex of mice disappeared for more than 1 minute. The administration group was first intraperitoneally injected with different doses of Gastrodia elata aqua and Armillaria mellea fermented liquid. Results there were significant differences between the drug administration group and the control group.
2.2. effect of Gastrodia elata injection, gastrodin part and gastrodin on the effect of sodium pentobarbital: 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection of Gastrodia elata injection or gastrodin part, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 26-30mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. The number of animals with loss of righting reflex for more than 1 minute was observed, and the significance of the difference between the administration group and the control group was determined by X method. Gastrodia elata injection 2g/kg, gastrodin 5g/kg can significantly make the righting reflex disappear in mice, gastrodin has no such effect.
3. effects on pentobarbital sodium drugs' sleep time: 3.1. effects of vanilla alcohol on cyclohexene barbital sodium's sleep time: 80 mice were divided into three groups, 40 mice in the control group were injected with 0.2ml of normal saline intraperitoneally, 20 mice in the vanilla alcohol group, 20 mice in the 200mg/kg vanillin group, and 200mg/kg intraperitoneally. All patients were intravenously injected with 50mg/kg of cyclohexene barbital sodium 30 minutes after administration. The sleep time prolonged by vanillin was about 4 times that of the control group, and that prolonged by vanillin was about 2 times.
3.2. effect of Gastrodia elata aqua and Armillaria mellea fermented liquid on pentobarbital sodium sleep time: a total of 15 groups of 10 mice in each group were injected intraperitoneally with gastrodia elata Aqua 10 and 20g/kg or Armillaria mellea fermented liquid on one side, and 50mg/kg sodium pentobarbital was injected intraperitoneally on the other side after 30 minutes. The control group was only given sodium pentobarbital, according to the disappearance of righting reflex as an indicator of sleep. Results there were significant differences between the administration group and the control group.
3.3. effect of Gastrodia elata injection, gastrodin and gastrodin on pentobarbital sodium sleep time: 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection of normal saline or drugs, 45-50mg/kg pentobarbital sodium was injected intraperitoneally, and t-test was performed. The sleep time of the control group was 66.6 ± 13.7 minutes, and the sleep time of Gastrodia injection and gastrodin 20g/kg group was 73% and 27% longer than that of the control group, respectively, with significant difference, P< 05, while gastrodin group had no effect.
4. anticonvulsant effect: 4.1. two groups of mice (40 mice in each group) were injected intraperitoneally with 300mg/kg of vanillin and vanillin respectively. The control group was injected intraperitoneally with 0.2ml of normal saline. After 30 minutes, each group was injected intraperitoneally with different doses of pentylenetetrazol (55.4-93.8mg/kg). The convulsion phenomenon was observed. The CD50 of the vanillin group and vanillin group were 84.37 ± 8.55mg/kg and 90.42 ± 8.55mg/kg, respectively, and the percentage of CD50 increased were 35.5% and 45.2%, respectively. Gastrodia elata aqua and Armillaria mellea fermentation broth were observed to fight against pentylenetetrazol convulsion with similar results.
4.2. vanillin and vanillin have no significant effect on the anticonvulsant effect of strychnine. Armillaria fermented liquid also had an antagonistic effect on convulsions caused by nicotine. Intravenous injection of Gastrodia elata injection 1g/kg or vanillin aldehyde 40mg/kg into rabbit ears can increase the threshold of electric shock spasm, inhibit the development of epileptic discharges in the brain, and effectively stop epileptic seizures. The effect of vanillin is more significant than that of Gastrodia elata injection. Experimental epileptic guinea pigs were subcutaneously injected with 0.2-1g/kg of 50% ethanol extract of Gastrodia elata Blume daily for 3-6 days to stop seizures. .
. The results showed that Gastrodia elata injection and gastrodin 2g/kg had anti hypoxia effect, gastrodin 25-200mg/kg did not show anti hypoxia effect.
6. effect on myocardial uptake of 86Rb: after mice were given normal saline or drugs for 30 minutes, they were intravenously injected with an appropriate concentration of 86Rb of 0.1ml/g at an intravenous injection speed of 5 seconds. After 30 seconds, the mice were sacrificed, the hearts were removed, cut open, and the blood was rinsed. The counts of 10mg myocardium in the administration group and the control group were compared. . Gastrodin 50-200mg/kg had no effect.
7. anti inflammatory effect of croton oil on mouse ears: after 30 minutes of administration, one side of the mouse ear was coated with 0.05ml of 2% croton oil, and the redness and swelling of the ears coated with croton oil reached the peak after 5 hours. The important difference between the red and swollen ears coated with croton oil and those without croton oil indicates the degree of inflammation. The experiment shows that Gastrodia elata injection and gastrodin have certain anti-inflammatory effects.
8. effect on immune function: 8.1. Zhu Quan reported that Gastrodia elata polysaccharide can enhance nonspecific immunity and cellular immunity. According to Jin Junfang and other methods for measuring the immune activity of sugarcane polysaccharide, C57BL mice were taken, male and female, each batch of the same sex, 14-20g, daily intraperitoneal injection of Gastrodia elata polysaccharide 125mg/kg, a total of 7 days, the control was treated with normal saline, 24 hours after the administration on the seventh day, sacrificed, and the spleen and thymus were weighed. .
According to the method reported by Zhang yunqiong, male C57BL and female ICRF mice were used for both sexes. Each batch of mice of the same sex was subcutaneously injected with l25mg/kg Gastrodia elata polysaccharide daily. The control group was treated with normal saline for 7 days. 24 hours after the last administration, 0.5ml of 5% chicken red blood cell suspension was injected into the abdominal cavity of the two groups of mice respectively, and the phagocytosis percentage of macrophages was observed according to the conventional method.
Male C57BL mice were used as donor mice (18-22g) according to the method of studying the effect of Polyporus umbellatus extract on the immune function of mice reported by the microbiological room immune group of the Institute of traditional Chinese medicine. Gastrodia elata polysaccharide 12.5mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally every day, and normal saline was used as control for 9 consecutive days . In addition, male C57BL and female ICRF suckling mice born on the 9th day were used as recipient mice, and littermates were paired. They were divided into three groups. The first group was the transplantation free group without splenocyte injection. In the second group, Gastrodia elata polysaccharide group was injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10 parental splenocytes of mouse splenocyte suspension. In the third group, 1 × 10 parental splenocytes of mouse splenocyte suspension were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline. The recipient mice in the three groups were sacrificed on the 7th day after receiving the donor spleen cell suspension injection. Weigh the spleen and calculate the spleen coefficient (100 × spleen weight / body weight). The stimulation index (SI) of the two groups was calculated according to the formula. The results showed that the polysaccharides from hemp could increase the weight of thymus, improve the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages, and enhance the graft-versus-host response in mice.
8.2 zhuliling et al reported that Gastrodia elata polysaccharide has a direct inhibitory effect on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in tissue culture. Another 20-22gc3h/je purebred mice were taken, and the experimental group was gavaged with gastrodia polysaccharide suspension 12.5mg/mouse, once a day, 0.4ml/mouse each time. Distilled water was used for the control for 7 consecutive days, and then 0.5ml of l280hau/ml Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was injected intraperitoneally into each animal. Six hours later, blood was taken, and serum was isolated. The titer of interferon was determined by CPE method and corrected by standard interferon. . Mice of the same species were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2ml of Gastrodia elata polysaccharide solution at a concentration of 12.5mg/ml, and normal saline was used as the control. Then blood was taken at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours respectively, and serum was isolated. Compared with normal serum, the results showed that the drop change of interferon production was the highest at 18 hours and 24 hours (p< 0.01). . Chenzhihe et al further observed the effect of Ag on hemodynamic parameters in anesthetized dogs and rabbits. Hemodynamic experiment of anesthetized dogs: Sixteen mongrel dogs, both male and female, weighing 11.9 ± sd1.9kg, were randomly divided into two groups, sodium pentobarbital 30mg/kg, intravenous anesthesia, mpu-0.5a pressure transducer was used to measure the mean arterial blood pressure (map), and rm-6000 multi-channel physiological instrument was used to record. For duodenal administration, 20%ag suspension was used for the experiment, and normal saline was used for the control. The vertebral artery flow increased by 15-30% (p< 0.05, 0.01) at 10-60 minutes after Ag administration, and its peak effect was at 30-40 minutes. Other kinetic parameters were unchanged. AG selectively increased vertebral artery flow without any other cardiovascular effects. Experiments on internal carotid artery flow and cardiac output in anesthetized rabbits: twenty four Japanese large eared rabbits, both male and female, weighing 2.2 ± 0.4KG, were randomly divided into three groups. They were administered duodenally. 20%ag suspension was used in the experiment, nicardipine (250ug/ml) was used as positive control, and normal saline was used as control. The flow of internal carotid artery increased by 24-111% 10-60 minutes after Ag administration, and its peak time was 40-60 minutes, and cardiac output did not change significantly. There were no significant changes in the above two indicators in the normal saline group. In the nicardipine group, the internal carotid artery flow increased by 41-88% 20-60 minutes after administration, and its peak effect was at 30-50 minutes, and cardiac output increased slightly at 10-40 minutes. From the above experiments, it is suggested that AG has high fat solubility, rapid absorption, and rapid effect. Although it has low activity on cerebral vessels, it has little toxicity when taken orally, so it still has development value for cerebral vascular diseases.
9. effects of cultivated Gastrodia elata Blume with different zinc content on hemodynamics in rats: the pharmacological effects of artificially cultivated Gastrodia elata Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blume Blu. Nanjing College of traditional Chinese medicine uses trace element zinc when cultivating Gastrodia elata, and according to the zinc content of Gastrodia elata, three kinds of injections of Gastrodia elata a, B and C are made respectively. After water extraction and alcohol precipitation, the sample was concentrated into Gastrodia elata crude drug injection containing 20%. . B is zinc increasing Gastrodia elata, containing 100ppm zinc. C is high zinc Gastrodia elata, containing 0ppm zinc. D is Gastrodia elata a plus an appropriate amount of zinc sulfate to make its total zinc content equivalent to 300ppm. Twenty five SD rats weighing 214.8 ± 32.3g were used in the experiment. . Rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group was designed according to the Latin square, and Gastrodia a, B, C were injected intravenously at a constant speed with 0.4/100g each or zinc sulfate (equivalent to the content of C). The other group was intravenously injected with gastrodia C or D at a constant rate of 0.4/100g each. Record the values at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after administration. Results there was no significant difference in the index values between Gastrodia A and D groups (p> 0.05); Gastrodia elata C was significantly different from D (< 0.01); Compared with a, the reduction of SBP, DBP, LVSP, +dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax, map × HR × LVET and other indicators of Gastrodia C were greater than a (p< 0.01). When t-dp/dtmax and t value were prolonged, the effect of C was stronger than that of a (p< 0.01). The maintenance time of Gastrodia elata was about C2 minutes, which was slightly longer than that of a (about 0.5 minutes). . Compared with gastrodia A and B, each index parameter of B is between a and C, but after statistical treatment, only DBP, LVSP and map × HR × LVET have significant differences. . It showed that the effect of C was the strongest among the three preparations, followed by B and a. There was a correlation between the zinc content and the effect (r = 0.9940, p< 0.01), suggesting that the effect of Gastrodia elata Blume was enhanced after the combination of zinc, but the addition of equal amount of zinc could not enhance its effect.