Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort       This product is the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong hort., an Umbelliferae plant. In summer, when the nodal disc on the stem is prominent and purplish, dig it, remove the sediment, dry it in the sun, and then remove the fibrous roots.
      [properties] this product is an irregular nodular fist shaped mass with a diameter of 2-7cm. Its surface is grayish brown or brown, rough and shrunk, with many parallel uplifted wheel nodes, concave quasi circular stem marks on the top, and many small nodular root marks on the lower side and wheel nodes. It is solid and not easy to break. The section is yellowish white or grayish yellow, scattered with yellowish brown oil chambers, and the cambium ring is wavy. It has strong fragrance, bitter and pungent taste, slightly numb tongue, and slightly sweet back.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer is more than 10 rows of cells. The cortex is narrow, with scattered root trace vascular bundles, and its cambium is obvious. Phloem is broad and cambium is wavy or irregular polygonal. Xylem vessels are polygonal or quasi circular, mostly in single row or row in "V" shape, with occasional wood fiber bundles. The calf is larger. There are many oil chambers scattered in the parenchyma, which are round, oval or irregular in shape, light yellowish brown. The oil chambers near the cambium are small and gradually larger outward; .
      . There are many starch grains, single oval, oblong, quasi round, ovoid or kidney shaped, with a diameter of 5-16 μ m and a length of about 21 μ m, and the umbilicus is punctate, long slit or herringbone shaped; Compound grains are occasionally seen, which are composed of 2-4 grains. Calcium oxalate crystals exist in parenchyma cells in the shape of quasi round masses or quasi cluster crystals, with a diameter of 10-25 μ M. The cork cells are dark yellowish brown, and the surface is polygonal and microwave curved. Most of the oil chambers have been broken, and oil chamber fragments can be seen occasionally. The secretory cell wall is thin and contains more oil droplets. The main conduit is threaded conduit, and there are also reticulated conduit and ladder shaped conduit, with a diameter of 14-50 μ M.
      (2) .
      (3) Take LG of the product powder, add 20ml of ether, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 2ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another Ligusticum chuanxiong reference medicinal material LG was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take the reference substance of Angelica lactone A and add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml (put in a brown measuring flask) as the reference solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use n-hexane ethyl acetate (3:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under UV light (254nm). .
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832
      The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 12.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol-1% acetic acid solution (30:70); The detection wavelength was 321nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the ferulic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of ferulic acid reference substance, accurately weigh it, place it in a brown volumetric flask, add 70% methanol to make a solution containing 20 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.5g of the powder (passing through No. 4 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of 70% methanol, close the stopper, weigh it, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 70% methanol, shake it well, stand still, take the supernatant, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ 1 of the reference solution and 10 μ 1 of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of ferulic acid (c10h10o4) shall not be less than 0.10%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, separate sizes, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut thick pieces, and dry.
      This product is irregular thick film, with grayish brown or brown skin and wrinkled lines. The cut surface is yellowish white or grayish yellow, with obvious wavy ring or polygonal texture, scattered yellowish brown oil spots. Solid quality. It has strong fragrance, bitter, pungent and slightly sweet taste.
      .
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, warm. Return to liver, gallbladder and pericardial meridian.
      [functions and indications] activating blood circulation, activating qi, dispelling wind and relieving pain. It is used for chest pain, chest and flank pain, tumescent pain, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, headache, rheumatic pain.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort
containligustrazine (Chuanxiongzine), i.e., tetramethylpyrazine, ryegrass alkaloid, or 1- (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furanyl) - 9h pyrido [3, 4-b] indole [1- (5hydroxymethyl-2-furyl) - 9h pyrido [3, 4-b] indole],Ligustilide（ligustilide)， Wallichilide, 3-butylidenphthalide, 3-butylidene-7-hydroxyphthalide [2],Butylphthalide(butylphthalide) [3], (3S) - 3-n-butyl-4-hydroxyphthalide [(3S) - 3-butyl-4-hydroxyphthalide], namely (3S) - chuanxiongphenol ((3S) -chunxiongol) [4], 3-n-butyl-3,6,7-trihydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrophthalide [5], neoligustilide-dilide),Yangchuanxiong lactone（senkyunolide)[3]， Senkyunolide BYangchuanxiong lactoneC、Yangchuanxiong lactoneD、Yangchuanxiong lactoneE、Yangchuanxiong lactoneF、Yangchuanxiong lactoneG、Yangchuanxiong lactoneH[cis-6,7-dihydroxy-ligustilide], I [trans-6,7-dihydrox-ligustilide], j[4], K, l, m[6], n[4], O, p[8], (E) - yangchuanxiong lactone [(E) - senkyunolide] e[4], yangchuanxiong quinone (senkyunone), 2-methoxy-4 - (3-methoxy-1-propenyl) phenol (2-methoxy hoxy-4- (3-mnethoxy-1-propenyl) pheneol), 2-valeryl-phenylmethyl ester [2- (1-oxopentyl) - benzoicacidmethyl ester][8], 5-hydroxymethyl-6-inner-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-8-oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octa-3-en-2-one [5-hydroxymethyl-6-endo-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-8-oxa-bicyclo (3.2.1) - oct-3-one][5], 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene, 1-hydroxy-1 - (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexane [1-hydroxy-1- (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane]\4-hydroxybenzoicacidVanillic acid（vanillicacid)，caffeic acid（coffeicacid)，Protocatechuic acid（protocatechuicacid)[9]，Ferulic acid（ferulicacid)，Chrysophanol（chrysophanicacid)， Sedanonicacid, l-isoleucyl-l-valineanhydride, l-valinyl-l-valincachydride, lolyrine, tetramethylphenol, uracil, trimethylamine HCl, choline chloride,palmitic acid（palmiticacid)，Vanillin（vanillin)， 1-acyl - β - carbo line [10], spathulenol,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol)， Linoleic acid (linoleicacid), dilinoylpalmitoylglyceride (dilinoylpalmitoylglyceride), sucrose (sucrose), etc. [11].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort
1. effect on central nervous system Chuanxiong has obvious sedative effect.

2. effect on cardiovascular system
    2.1 effects on the heart Chuanxiong Decoction increases the contraction amplitude and slows the heart rate of isolated toad and frog hearts at the concentration of 10-5-10-4. According to englmann's method, Chuanxiong 20 or 30g/kgig also increased the heart amplitude and slowed down the heart rate of eutopic frogs; At 40g/kgig, the frog heart can be stopped. Tetramethylpyrazine IV also has cardiotonic effect on anesthetized dogs, accompanied by increased heart rate. The vagal denervated heart still responded significantly to Ligustrazine. Large dose of Ligustrazine injected into vertebral artery has no obvious cardiovascular effect. . Anesthetized dogs were intravenously injected with Ligustrazine 1, 2, and 4mg/ (kg. min) for 10 min. the animals showed accelerated heart rate, enhanced myocardial contractility, and vasodilation. These effects increased with the increase of dose (mm) for 10 minutes, and the heart rate increased, myocardial contractility strengthened, and blood vessels dilated. These effects were strengthened with increasing dose. The heart rate, LVP and DP / dtmax were increased at lmg/ (kg, min), and the heart rate, LVP, DP / dtmax and coronary blood flow were significantly increased at 2mg/ (kg, min). . Intravenous infusion of tetramethylpyrazine 4mg/ (kg. min) and once iv20mg/kg also caused heart rate acceleration in conscious hypertensive dogs. Propranolol (ivl-2mg/kg) could antagonize the effects of Ligustrazine on anesthetized and awake dogs, while reserpine could not completely antagonize the effects of Ligustrazine. It has been reported that Ligustrazine dose dependently inhibits myocardial contraction and increases coronary artery flow in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. . IV tetramethylpyrazine 5mg/kg, 5 minutes, CBF increased by 14 ± 15ml/ minute, so that every 100g of myocardial oxygen consumption increased by 1.0 ± 0.7ml/ minute, which were significant. For anesthetized open chest dogs, IV Ligustrazine 10mg/kg can reduce blood pressure, external resistance and left ventricular work, and increase LVSP, ± lvdp/dtmax, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. Ligustrazine IV can protect ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury in rabbits, and its effect may be related to activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, increasing coronary flow, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, and improving myocardial metabolism. Ligustrazine 150mg/kg was given to rabbits Ig, and 15 minutes later, pituitrin (PIT) 1.5 units /kg (30s after injection) was given IV. after ivpit, acute myocardial ischemia was generally produced, and the peak T wave of ECG was significantly increased. The increase degree of T wave in the medication group was significantly lower than that in the control group, which had a very obvious effect on anti acute myocardial ischemia and hypoxia caused by pit.

    2.2 effects on coronary circulation the water extract of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort and its alkaloids can dilate coronary arteries and blood vessels, increase coronary blood flow, and improve myocardial hypoxia.

    .

    2.4 effects on platelet aggregation, thrombosis and blood viscosity Ligustrazine prolonged ADP induced platelet aggregation time in vitro and had depolymerization effect on aggregated platelets.

3. effect on smooth muscle the 10% aqueous solution of Ligusticum chuanxiong extract can stimulate the pregnant uterus in vitro of pregnant rabbits in trace amounts, increasing its tension and contraction, and eventually forming contracture; A large number of them will paralyze the uterus and stop contraction.

4. antibacterial effect and other in vitro tests Ligusticum chuanxiong has inhibitory effects on large intestine, dysentery (sonnei), dysmorphia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, typhoid, paratyphoid bacilli and Vibrio cholerae. Ligusticum chuanxiong water extract (1:3) also has inhibitory effect on some pathogenic skin fungi in vitro.

5. anti radiation effect Chuanxiong decoction has certain curative effect on experimental treatment of animal radiation disease. The water-soluble crude preparation of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Has protective effects on radiation and nitrogen mustard damage in rats, mice and dogs. The anti radiation effect of Ligusticum chuanxiong on rats is better than that of mice, IP is better than IM, IM is better than Ig.

6. other effects Ligustrazine can increase the renal blood flow of anesthetized rabbits and can diuresis. Ligustrazine can inhibit DNA synthesis, suggesting that it can inhibit protein and antibody production. Chuanxiong has some anti vitamin E deficiency effects. It can protect chicks from nutritional encephalopathy caused by vitamin E deficiency. . Sodium ferulate can significantly reduce complement hemolysis and inhibit the binding of complement 3B (C36) to erythrocyte membrane. Ligustrazine can inhibit the development of murine pulmonary fibrosis prepared by intratracheal administration of Pingyangmycin.