hawthorn
1、 Hawthorn pharmacopoeia standard This product is the dried and mature fruit of Rosaceae cralaegus pinnatifida.bge.var.major n.e.br. or Crataegus pinnatifida bge. The fruits are harvested when they are ripe in autumn, sliced, and dried. . The pulp is dark yellow to light brown. The middle transverse slice has 5 pale yellow fruit nuclei, but the nuclei are mostly detached and hollow. Short and thin fruit stalks or calyx remnants can be seen on some pieces. It is slightly fragrant, sour and sweet. [identification] (1) the powder of this product is dark reddish brown to brown. Stone cells are scattered or in groups, colorless or light yellow, polygonal, oblong or irregular, 19-125 μ m in diameter, with obvious pore grooves and laminae, and some cell cavities contain dark brown substances. Pericarp epidermal cells are round or polygonal in appearance, with slightly thick walls, and often contain reddish brown or yellowish brown substances in their cavities. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in the pulp cells. (2) Take 1g of the product powder, add 4ml of ethyl acetate, sonicate for 15 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use toluene ethyl acetate formic acid (20:4:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray sulfuric acid ethanol solution (3 → 10), heat at 80 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same purple red spots appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample: the same orange yellow fluorescent spots appear when viewed under a UV lamp (365nm). [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832). The total ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302). ; Cadmium shall not exceed 0.3mg/kg; Arsenic shall not exceed 2mg/kg; Mercury shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg and copper shall not exceed 20mg/kg. [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 21.0%. [content determination] take about 1g of the fine powder of this product, weigh it accurately, add 100ml of water precisely, soak it for 4 hours at room temperature, shake it constantly and filter it. Accurately measure 25ml of continuous filtrate, add 50ml of water, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution, and titrate with sodium hydroxide titrant (0.1mol/l). Every 1m sodium hydroxide titrant (0.1mol/l) is equivalent to 6.404mg of citric acid (C6H8O7). This product is calculated as dry product, and the organic acid content is calculated as citric acid (C6H8O7), which shall not be less than 5.0%. . Stir fry the hawthorn, remove the hawthorn, and stir fry according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213) until the color turns dark. This product is shaped like Hawthorn slices, with yellowish brown pulp and occasional scorched spots. The smell is light, sour and slightly sweet. [content determination] the organic acid contained in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 4.0% based on citric acid (C6H8O7). [identification] the same as medicinal materials. Remove the Hawthorn and stir fry it according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213) until the surface is burnt brown and the interior is yellowish brown. . It has a burning aroma. [content determination] the organic acid contained in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 4.0% based on citric acid (C6H8O7). [identification] the same as medicinal materials. [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sour, sweet, mild. Return to spleen, stomach and liver channels. [functions and indications] it can dissipate food and strengthen the stomach, promote qi and blood stasis, remove turbidity and reduce lipid. For meat stagnation, stomach fullness, diarrhea and abdominal pain, blood stasis and amenorrhea, postpartum stasis, abdominal tingling, chest pain, hernia pain, hyperlipidemia. . Used for meat stagnation and diarrhea. [usage and dosage] 9 ～ 12g. [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of Hawthorn
1. the fruit of bergamot contains levorotatoryEpicatechin(epicatechin)，quercetin (quercetin)，Hyperin(hyperoside)，chlorogenic acid(chlorogenicacid)，Citric acidCitricacid and its monomethyl ester, dimethyl ester and trimethylester, sucrose, flavanpolymers, andUrsolic acid(ursolicacid)0.27%。

2. hawthorn fruit contains l-epicatechin,quercetin ，Hyperin，chlorogenic acid，Citric acid, monomethyl citrate, dimethyl citrate, Trimethyl Citrate, flavane polymer. Fruit 100g containsAnthocyanins(anthocyanin)11.28-16.04mg， Acids 1.27% - 2.46%, soluble sugars 9690-9910mg.

The commercially available commodity "northern Hawthorn" (including hawthorn and Rose). The fruit contains about 3% flavonoids, andUrsolic acid. Oxalicacid was detected,Citric acid, malicacid, succinicacid, were determinedCitric acidThe content is about 5%. According to another report, hawthorn fruit containsCitric acid. The fatty acids in the pulp are: linoleic acid (linoleic acid) 29.01% - 38.23%,palmitic acid(palmiticacid)18.10%-23.54%， Stearicacid 2.23% - 3.74%, OLEICACID 11.69% - 22.13%, Linolenicacid 20.24% - 30.69%.The main components of the product are as follows:the main components of the product are as follows:the content of the product is as follows:the content of the product is 1.5% and the content of the product is 1.5%.The content of the product is 1.5%.The content of the product is.
3、 Pharmacological effects of Hawthorn
1. promoting digestion shanvalue contains lipase, which can promote fat digestion, increase the secretion of gastric digestive enzymes, and promote digestion.

2. effect on cardiovascular system
  (1) Effects on the heart the extract from the mountain plant enhanced the contractility of toad hearts in vivo and in vitro, and lasted for a long time.

  (2) The experiment of antihypertensive effect proved that Shanzhi has a relatively long-lasting antihypertensive effect.

3. lipid lowering effect.

4. antioxidant effect Hawthorn water extract can scavenge o/2 free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation in mouse liver, and reduce the depolymerization of hyaluronic acid induced by o/2.

5. effect on immune function the subcutaneous injection made of water decoction and alcohol precipitation of hawthorn for 9D can significantly enhance the activity of serum lysozyme, the titer of serum hemagglutination antibody, the E rosette formation rate of cardiac blood T lymphocytes and the T lymphocyte transformation rate of rabbits, suggesting that it has immune enhancement effect.

6. antibacterial effect Hawthorn has strong antibacterial effect on Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, etc; To Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus B. Escherichia coli, proteus, anthrax, diphtheria, typhoid, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria also have antibacterial effects; .

7. anti cancer effect. Under the pH condition of gastric juice, hawthorn extract can eliminate the precursors of nitrosamine synthesis, that is, it can block the synthesis of nitrosamine. Hawthorn extract has a significant blocking effect on the synthesis of methyl benzyl nitrite gum induced cancer in rats and mice. The acetone extract of Hawthorn has significant inhibitory effect on the mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1 on TA98 frameshift and TA100 base substitution mutant induced by the carcinogen aflatoxin B1. .

8. other effects hawthorn 2.5g/kg intraperitoneal injection can significantly prolong the sleep duration of pentobarbital sodium in mice. .