Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
3'-Hydroxypterostilbene (CAS No.: 475231-21-1) is a naturally occurring hydroxylated derivative and an important isomer of pterostilbene compounds. Rosewood and its derivatives have attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to their diverse bioactivity and good medicinal properties. As a hydroxylated derivative of Pterocaria, 3'-hydroxypterocarpus demonstrates unique biological functions, especially showing potential medicinal value in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and neuroprotective aspects. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, plant origin, and extraction method of 3'-hydroxy-rosewood, combined with its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, to explore its medicinal parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally to look ahead to its clinical application potential and future research directions.
3'-Hydroxypterosandalgi is a natural product of distyrene, with the chemical formula C16H16O4 and a molecular weight of 272.30. Its structural feature is hydroxyl substitution at the 3' position on the Pt. Hydroxyl group introduction significantly affects its polarity and biological activity. According to physicochemical data, the LogP value of 3'-hydroxypterocarpus is 3.3119, indicating moderate lipid solubility that facilitates cell membrane penetration. The topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 58.92 Ų, indicating good potential for membrane permeability and binding to biological targets. Its low water solubility (0.0409 mg/mL) somewhat limits its oral bioavailability, but its higher lipophilic solubility helps it cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), further confirmed by its high BBB penetration. Additionally, 3'-hydroxypterosci does not have hERG channel inhibitory activity, suggesting a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test value was 1.2, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and meeting safety requirements.
3'-Hydroxypterocarpus is mainly found in various species of rosewood, especially in the roots, stems, bark, and leaves of the genus Pterocarpus and related plants. Its natural content is relatively low, and it is commonly detected as a hydroxyl derivative of Pterocarpus. Traditional extraction methods mostly use organic solvent extraction combined with column chromatography separation. The specific steps include:
In recent years, with the development of green extraction technologies, new technologies such as supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have gradually been applied to the extraction of 3'-hydroxypterozophyllum, improving extraction efficiency and purity while reducing the use of organic solvents.
Pharmacological activity studies of 3'-hydroxypterocarpus mainly focus on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and neuroprotective aspects, with most studies using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models.
3'-Hydroxypterosandalgi exerts significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and regulating antioxidant enzyme systems (such as superoxide dismutase SOD and glutathione peroxidase GPx). Its hydroxyl structure helps enhance electron donor capacity, promotes free radical capture, and reduces cellular damage caused by oxidative stress.
Multiple studies have shown that 3'-hydroxypterosandalgi can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO), and downregulate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby reducing inflammatory responses. Its anti-inflammatory effects have shown good therapeutic potential in models of inflammatory diseases.
3'-Hydroxypterosandalgi exhibits effects of inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in various tumor cell lines. Its mechanism involves cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial pathway activation, and regulation of apoptosis-related proteins (such as Bax and Bcl-2). In addition, 3'-hydroxypterosandalgi can inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion, suggesting its potential in suppressing tumor metastasis.
Due to its excellent blood-brain barrier penetration, 3'-hydroxypterosandalgi demonstrates neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease models. By reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and regulating neurotransmitter balance, 3'-hydroxypterosandalgi holds promise for adjunctive treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
The multi-target mechanisms of 3'-hydroxysandalgi mainly include the following aspects:
The synergistic effect of these molecular mechanisms provides 3'-hydroxy-rosewood with a broad bioactive basis.
The druggability parameters of 3'-hydroxypterosandalgi indicate that it has good potential for drug development. The molecular weight is 272.3, conforming to the Lipinski rule, with a moderate LogP value of 3.31, indicating good lipid solubility and facilitating cell membrane penetration. TPSA was 58.92 Ų, below the 90 Ų threshold, which is beneficial for oral absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration. Low water solubility (0.0409 mg/mL) suggests limited solubility, which may affect oral bioavailability, but can be improved through formulation technology.
The high penetration of the blood-brain barrier is its advantage in treating neurological diseases. hERG channels have no inhibitory effects, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames test results show low genotoxicity risk and good safety.
Pharmacokinetics, preliminary in vivo studies show that 3'-hydroxypterosandalwood has good oral absorption, moderate plasma half-life, wide distribution, and high concentrations in brain tissue. Its metabolism mainly occurs through the hepatic enzyme system, and the metabolites require further identification. The main excretory routes are the kidneys and bile. Further systematic studies of its pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolic kinetic characteristics are needed in the future to guide clinical dosage design.
Given the significant activity and good druggability of 3'-hydroxy-Pterophorbia in antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antitumor, and neuroprotective aspects, its clinical development prospects are broad. Specific application directions include:
Future research should focus on preclinical safety evaluation, pharmacokinetic optimization, and formulation development of 3'-hydroxy-Pterocarina, while systematic clinical trials are conducted to verify efficacy and safety. In addition, molecular target-based structural optimization and derivative design will also drive it to become a novel therapeutic drug.
3'-Hydroxy-Rosewood, as an important natural derivative of Rosewood Qi, demonstrates diverse pharmacological activities and good druggability due to its unique chemical structure and excellent physicochemical properties. Its potential in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective fields provides new ideas and directions for the development of natural product drugs. In the future, through in-depth mechanistic research, pharmacokinetic optimization, and clinical validation, 3'-hydroxy-pterodanqi is expected to become an effective candidate for treating various diseases, promoting the development and application of natural product pharmacology.
