Product name: Isogarcinol
Synonym name: 30-epi-cambogin; Cambogin
Catalogue No.: BP5062
Cas No.: 71117-97-0
Formula: C₃₈H₅₀O₆
Mol Weight: 602.812
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound:

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Isogarcinol, also known as Cambogin, is a polyphenolic compound derived from natural plants, widely recognized in pharmacology and natural product chemistry due to its remarkable bioactivity. As an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyylcholinesterase (BChE), this compound demonstrates potential neuroprotective effects and has strong killing activity against the parasite Leishmania donovani. Additionally, isobasin demonstrates multi-target regulatory capabilities in the anti-tumor field, involving various key signaling pathways and oncogenicity-related proteins, demonstrating its great potential as a candidate molecule for anticancer drug development. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Yishan Bamboozin, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally look ahead to its clinical application prospects, providing a theoretical foundation and reference for in-depth research and drug development of this natural product.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The molecular formula of Xishan Bamboozin is C_34H_42O_11, with a molecular weight of 602.8120, and it belongs to the polyphenol diterpene class of compounds. Its structure contains multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups and a cycloterpene backbone, giving it strong biological activity. The LogP value of Xisan basin is 7.6424, indicating high lipid solubility, which may affect its in vivo distribution and cell membrane penetration ability. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 100.9 Ų, indicating that the molecule has certain polarity, which is favorable for binding to biological macromolecules. Its extremely low water solubility (0.0006 mg/mL) suggests its limited solubility in the aqueous phase, which may pose challenges to formulation processes. The blood-brain barrier has a low penetration capacity, suggesting limited utilization in the central nervous system. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames mutagenicity test results were zero, indicating no significant genotoxicity risk.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Isophyllamine mainly comes from plants of the Gambogiaceae family, especially plants of the genus Garcinia (Garcinia spp.), such as Garcinia cambogia and other related species. These plants are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, and their peels and bark are rich in various bioactive diterpenes and polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of Xisan bamboo extract usually uses organic solvent extraction, with ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate commonly used as extraction agents. The extraction process generally includes crude extraction, liquid-liquid distribution, column chromatography separation, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. In recent years, green technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical CO_2 extraction have also been applied to improve the extraction efficiency and purity of Yishan bamboozin. The purified Yishanbaozin was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) for structural identification.

Pharmacological activity research

1. Anticholinesterase activity

Isobamboo phylaxis showed significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylocholinesterase (BChE), with IC_50 of 1.13 μM and 8.30 μM, respectively. AChE and BChE are key enzymes in the nervous system that break down acetylcholine. Inhibiting their activity helps increase acetylcholine levels and improve nerve conduction function, offering potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. The dual enzyme inhibitory properties of heteroshan bamboozin give it an advantage in improving cognitive function, especially in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease with elevated BChE activity.

2. Anti-leishmania activity

Isobamboo exercisin exhibited strong lethal activity against Leishmania donovani, with a IC_50 of 0.33 μM. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania, widely distributed worldwide, with limited treatment options and resistance issues. The high antiprotozoal activity of Xisan bamboo provides important clues for the development of novel anti-leishmanian drugs.

3. Antitumor activity

Xisan bamboo extract exhibits effects in various tumor cell lines that inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Its antitumor mechanism involves multiple signaling pathways and regulation of key molecules, including:

• MCL1 and BCL2: Isophyllin can downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins MCL1 and BCL2, promoting tumor cell apoptosis.
• STAT3: Blocks tumor cell proliferation and metastasis ability by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway.
• MMP2: Inhibits matrix metalloproteinase MMP2, reducing tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
• TOP1 and TOP2A: Inhibit topoisomerase I and II, block DNA replication and repair, and induce tumor cell death.
• HIF1A: Inhibits hypoxia-inducing factor HIF1A, interfering with tumor cells' ability to adapt to hypoxic environments.
• MAPK1: Regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) signaling, affecting cell proliferation and survival.
• ESR1 and CYP19A1: regulate estrogen receptors and aromatase, which may affect hormone-dependent tumors.

These multi-target effects make Xushan bamboozin a natural product with broad antitumor potential.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The pharmacological activity of isophylasin is based on its interactions with various molecular targets. As an inhibitor of AChE and BChE, isobasin blocks acetylcholine hydrolysis by binding to enzyme active sites, enhancing neurotransmission. Its anti-leishmanian activity may involve disrupting the integrity of the parasite's cell membranes and interfering with the function of key metabolic enzymes. Antitumor effects are achieved by regulating signaling pathways related to apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The specific mechanisms include:

• Inhibits the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and promotes mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis.
• Blocking the STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways inhibits tumor cell proliferation and inflammatory responses.
• Inhibits MMP2 activity, reduces matrix degradation, and limits tumor cell invasion.
• Interferes with DNA topoisomerase function, hindering DNA replication and repair in tumor cells.
• Inhibits HIF1A, weakening tumor cells' survival ability in low-oxygen environments.
• Regulates hormone receptor-related signaling and influences the growth of hormone-dependent tumors.

Both molecular docking and cell experiments support the high affinity and regulatory effects of Xenophyllin with the above targets, providing a molecular basis for its multi-target pharmacological activity.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The efficacy evaluation of Yishan Bamboozin presents certain challenges. Its high molecular weight (602.8 Da) and high lipid solubility (LogP 7.64) may result in lower oral bioavailability, and its extremely poor water solubility (0.0006 mg/mL) limits its dissolution and absorption in the aqueous phase. The lower penetration capacity of the blood-brain barrier limits its potential for central nervous system diseases, but it may also reduce the risk of CNS-related side effects. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity, and the Ames-related mutagenicity test was negative, indicating good safety.

Currently, pharmacokinetic data on Yishanbaozizin are relatively limited. Preliminary in vivo studies indicate that its metabolism mainly passes through hepatic enzyme systems, possibly involving CYP450 family enzymes. High lipophilusity may cause it to accumulate in body tissues, affecting its distribution and clearance. Future studies are needed on its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics, optimizing administration routes and formulation forms to improve clinical feasibility.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

With its multi-target and multifunctional pharmacological properties, Yishan Baizizin shows broad application prospects in the fields of neurodegenerative diseases, parasitic infections, and tumor treatment. Its characteristics as an AChE and BChE inhibitor make it a potential drug candidate for cognitive impairment diseases such as Alzheimer's disease; Its efficient killing ability against Leishmania provides new ideas for antiparasitic drug development; Its antitumor activity covers multiple signaling pathways, making it suitable for development as a multi-target anti-cancer drug.

However, the low water solubility and poor pharmacokinetic properties of Yishanbaozizin limit its clinical translation. Future research should focus on:

• Structural modification and drug design enhance water solubility and bioavailability.
• Development of novel drug delivery systems such as nanocarriers and liposomes to improve distribution and targeting in vivo.
• Systematic pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations to ensure safety and efficacy.
• In-depth research on preclinical animal models to verify their therapeutic effects and mechanisms.
• Combination drug strategies, leveraging their multi-target advantages to overcome resistance issues with single-target drugs.

Through multidisciplinary collaboration, Yishan Bamboozin is expected to become an important candidate in the development of natural product drugs.

Conclusion

Yisan Bamboozin, a polyphenolic diterpene compound derived from natural plants, exhibits multiple biological activities covering areas such as neuroprotection, antiparasitic effects, and antitumor effects. Its significant inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE offer new directions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases; The highly effective killing activity against Leishmania offers hope for the development of antiparasitic drugs; Multi-target regulation of anti-tumor mechanisms offers potential innovative strategies for cancer treatment. Although its druggability is somewhat limited, through structural optimization and the application of advanced delivery technologies, the clinical translation prospects of Yishan Bamboozin are promising. Future research should focus on in-depth analysis of its pharmacological mechanisms, systematic evaluation of pharmacokinetics, and comprehensive validation of its safety, aiming to make it a model for natural product drug development and contribute new solutions for the treatment of related diseases.