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Glycosides, also known as glycosides and glycosomes, are a class of compounds composed of sugar and non sugar parts. Most of them are colorless, odorless, bitter neutral crystals. The non sugar part of glycoside molecules is called aglycone. Sugar moieties are generally monosaccharides or low molecular weight oligosaccharides. Aglycones can be a variety of compounds, such as alcohols, phenols, ketones, anthraquinones, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, etc. Due to the different structures or medical effects of aglycones, aglycones are further divided into the following categories.

 

1） , flavone glycoside

 

The aglycones of flavonoid glycosides are 2-phenylchromone derivatives. Most of them exist in the form of glycosides combined with glucose and rhamnose, and some are free.

Flavonoid glycosides are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and often exist in Rutaceae (such as orange peel, orange peel), Labiatae (such as Scutellaria baicalensis), Leguminosae (such as Sophora japonica, licorice), Polygonaceae (such as buckwheat), Compositae (such as ASTER), Umbelliferae (such as Bupleurum), Solanaceae (such as tobacco), and other plants.

1. vitamin P-like effect can maintain the normal osmotic pressure of blood vessels and prevent capillary brittleness and bleeding, such as rutin, hesperidin, quercetin, etc.

2. anti radiation effect, such as Morin, hesperetin, etc. can prevent UV, X-ray and other radiation damage.

3. enhance the action of epinephrine, for example, flavonoids such as Morin, quercetin and cottonseed peel can form metal complexes to inhibit the oxidation of epinephrine, protect epinephrine, and enhance its action.

4. antioxidant effects, such as quercetin, rhamnetin, gossypol, etc.

5. diuretic effect, such as quercitrin, luteolin, Polygonum hydropiper, genkwanin, etc.

6. antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, such as baicalein, honeysuckle glycoside, Morin, etc.

7. other effects: isoflavone glycoside derivatives have estrogen like effects, such as daidzein, daidzein, etc; Some flavonoids can enhance the blood flow of coronary artery and cerebral artery, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, expectorant, antitussive, antiasthmatic and other effects.

 

2） , anthraquinone glycoside

 

Anthraquinone glycosides are glycosides condensed from anthraquinones, glucose, rhamnose, etc., and exist in Polygonaceae, rhamniaceae, Liliaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae and other plants, such as rhubarb, Rhamnus, aloe, senna leaf, cassia seed, Rubia, etc. . The purgative effect was greatly weakened after hydrolysis. In addition, rhein and rhein have broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, anti-tumor and diuretic effects. Some anthraquinone glycosides also have hemostatic, antitussive and muscle relaxant effects. The representative anthraquinone glycosides mainly include emodin, sennoside a, sennoside B, aloe emodin, aloe glycoside, alizarin, cassia anthraquinone, cassia, etc.

 

3） , saponins

 

Currently, steroids and triterpenoids are known as the aglycones of saponins. . Saponins are widely found in plants of Rosaceae, Caryophyllaceae, platycodonaceae, Liliaceae, dioscoreaceae, Araliaceae, Polygalaceae, agastachyaceae and other plants, such as loquat, Caryophyllaceae, Qumai, Platycodon grandiflorum (platycodin d), Codonopsis pilosula (Codonopsis alkynoside), Anemarrhena asphodeloides (Zhimu saponin b), Dioscorea nipponica (dioscin, protodioscin), ginseng (ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rh2, Ginsenoside Rg3), Polygala tenuifolia (Polygala saponin B, polygalaric acid, polygalagenin), Agave, etc.

Saponin has the property of producing foam and the function of emulsifier. Oral administration has a certain irritation to the digestive tract mucosa, can reflexively cause the secretion of mucous glands in the respiratory tract and digestive tract, has expectorant and antitussive effects, and a large amount can cause vomiting. . Polygala saponins have sedative effects, saponins in the mulberry parasite have wind dampness removing effects, saikosaponin a has antipyretic, sedative, analgesic, antitussive and other effects, saikosaponin has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, glycyrrhizic acid has significant adrenocortical hormone like effects, ginsenoside has strong effects, etc. The aqueous solution of saponin has hemolysis.

 

4） , cardiac glycoside

 

Cardiac glycosides are steroidal glycosides that exist in nature and have significant effects on the heart. . Aglycone is composed of a steroid core and an unsaturated lactone ring. Cardiac glycosides have strong effects on the heart. The application of appropriate dose can improve the weakened heart function. Cardiac glycosides are mainly distributed in Scrophulariaceae, Apocynaceae, Luoteng family, Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae and other plants, such as digitalis, cornflower, oleander, Apocynum venetum, Periploca, Fushou grass, lily of the valley, evergreen, sugar mustard and so on. The sebum secretion of animal toads also contains steroidal cardiotonic components (mainly bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, bufalin, etc.).

 

5） , coumarin glycosides

 

Coumarin is a kind of lactone formed by internal dehydration of ortho hydroxycinnamic acid molecule. The glycosides synthesized by coumarins and sugars are called coumarin glycosides. Coumarin glycosides exist in legumes, Umbelliferae, Solanaceae, Compositae, Oleaceae and other plants, such as Psoralea corylifolia, luteolin, Angelica dahurica, Angelica pubescens, belladonna, Eupatorium adenophorum, Qinpi and so on.

; Hydroxycoumarins, such as psoralen, bergamot lactone, Daphne lactone, can protect against UV burns; Psoralea corylifolia and Artemisia annua coumarin have antifungal effects; Dicoumarin has anticoagulant and antibacterial effects; Furanocoumarin of Peucedanum praeruptorum has inhibitory effect on animal experimental tumors; In addition, coumarin glycosides may also have antiviral effects; Some have anesthetic, hypnotic, diuretic, antitussive, antiasthmatic and choleretic effects on animals.

 

6） , other glycosides

 

1. cyanogenic glycosides Cyanogenic glycosides, also known as cyanogenic glycosides, produce trace hydrocyanic acid after hydrolysis. A small amount has antitussive effect and inhibitory effect on the respiratory center. If the dosage is too large, the respiratory center will be paralyzed and poisoned to death. Traditional Chinese medicine containing cyanogenic glycosides include bitter almond (amygdalin), peach kernel, loquat kernel, flaxseed, etc.

2. phenolic glycosides Phenolic glycosides are glycosides formed by the combination of phenolic groups on aglycone molecules and sugars. Traditional Chinese medicines containing phenolic glycosides mainly include Salix bark, peony bark, Polygonum cuspidatum, etc. Salicin has antipyretic and anti rheumatic effects; ; Stilbene glycoside has hemostatic and astringent effects for external use.

3. sulfur containing glycosides The aglycones of sulfur-containing glycosides are sulfhydryl. Natural sulfhydryl glycosides are not much, and are only found in the seeds of some cruciferous plants, such as mustard, white mustard, and sown Artemisia annua. For external use, they have the effect of foaming and inducing red blood. Oral administration can enhance the secretion of digestive juice and have a certain expectorant effect. Such as sulforaphane, myroside, etc.

4. alkaloid aglycones are alkaloids. . Steroidal alkaloids are known to have antifungal and anticancer effects. Such as fritillarine glycoside, lycopene glycoside, etc

Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅰ) -- alkaloids
Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅱ) -- glycosides
Classification and pharmacological effects of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (Ⅲ) -- other categories.The first part of this paper is the introduction of the classification of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine..the second part of this paper.The second part is the introduction of the classification of chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine and their pharmacological effects