nutmeg
1、 Nutmeg pharmacopoeia standard         This product is the dried seed kernel of Myristica fragrans houtt.
        [properties] this product is oval or oval, 2-3cm long and 1.5-2.5cm in diameter. Its surface is grayish brown or grayish yellow, sometimes covered with white powder (lime powder). All have light colored longitudinal grooves and irregular reticular grooves. The hilum is located at the wide end, with light colored circular protrusions and dark depressions at the chalazal point. The seed ridge is in a longitudinal groove shape, connecting both ends. . It smells strong and tastes pungent.
        [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the outer ectosperm tissue is composed of more than 10 rows of flat shrunken cells, containing brown substances, small square crystals are occasionally seen, and the staggered tissue has small vascular bundles. The dark brown ectosperm penetrates into the light yellow endosperm, forming marbling patterns, containing most oil cells. The endosperm cell wall is thin, quasi circular, filled with starch granules, fatty oil and aleurone granules, and there are scattered light yellow cells inside. Most starch granules are single granules with a diameter of 10-20 µ m, and a few are compound granules composed of 2-6 granules with a diameter of 25-30 µ m, with obvious umbilicus. . According to the observation of chloral hydrate device, it can be seen that the fatty oil is often in the shape of patches and scales, and becomes oil droplets upon heating.
        (2) Take 2G of the powder of this product, add 10ml of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃), sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, take the filtrate as the test solution, and take 2G of nutmeg as the control medicine, and make the control medicine solution in the same way. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same high-efficiency silica gel G prefabricated thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate (9:1) as the developing agent, pre saturate the developing cylinder for 15 minutes, develop, take out, dry, spray 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
        [check] moisture   Not more than 10.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832 >.
        Aflatoxin   According to the aflatoxin assay (general rule 2351).
        The content of aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 5 µ g per 1000g, and the total amount of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 10 µ G.
        [content determination] volatile oil   Take about 20g of the crude powder of this product, weigh it accurately, and determine it according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
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        ; Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (75:25) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 274nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of dehydrodisoeugenol.
        ; Take an appropriate amount of dehydrodiisoeugenol reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 30 µ g per 1ml.
        Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 2 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
        Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
        This product is calculated as dry product and contains dehydrodiisoeugenol (c₂₀H₂₂O₄）Not less than 0.10%.
        Decoction pieces
        [processing] nutmeg   Remove impurities, wash and dry.
        [character], [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
        Stewed nutmeg with bran   Remove the nutmeg, add the bran, simmer the bran at 150 ~ 160 ℃ for about 15 minutes, until the bran is scorched yellow, the nutmeg is brown, and when there are cracks on the surface, take it out, screen the bran, and let it cool. Mash when needed.
        For every 100kg of nutmeg, 40kg of bran was used.
        This product is shaped like nutmeg, with brown surface and cracks. It smells fragrant and tastes pungent.
        [content determination] the content of volatile oil in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 4.0% (ml/g); Containing dehydrodiisoeugenol (c₂₀H₂₂O₄）Not less than 0.080%.
        [identification] [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
        [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, warm. Return to spleen, stomach and large intestine.
        [functions and indications] warming the middle and activating qi, astringent the intestine and stop diarrhea. Diarrhea lasts for a long time, abdominal distension and pain, eating less and vomiting.
        [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
        [storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths


2、 Chemical constituents of nutmeg
The seed kernel contains 25%-46% fatty oil, 8%-15% volatile oil and toxic substances:Myristicate ether(myristicin) about 4%. The volatile oil mainly contains sabinene, α - and β - pinene, terpinen-4ol, γ - Terpinene, limonene, bornylene, β - phellandrene, p-cymene, α - Terpinene, α - terpineol, δ - piperone,Myristicate ether, elemicin, and also camphene, myrcene, α - phellandrene, 3,4-dimethylstyrene,Linalool（linalool），D-menthol（D-Menthol），L-menthol（L-Menthol），Borneol（borneol）， CIS caryophyllene, citronellol, p-cymene - α -ol, safrole,NerolidolNerolidol, β -cubeene, geranylacetate,Eugenol（eugenol）， Methyleugenol, isoelemicin. Fatty oil mainly contains trimeristin and a small amount of triolein. The seeds also contained lignans: 1- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) - 1-propanol [1- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) -propan-1-ol], 1- (3-methoxy-4-acetoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl, 6-dimethoxyphenoxy) - 1-propanol acetate [1- (3-methoxy-4-acetoxyl) -2- (4-allyl-2, dimethoxyphenoxy) propan-1-ol acetate], 1- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2, 6-dimethoxyphenoxy) - 1-propanol acetate [1- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propan-1-ol acetate], 1- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propane [1- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propane], Dehydrodiisoeugenol(dehydroisoeugenol), i.e., licarin a, 5 '- methoxydehydroisoeugenol, 2- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) - 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5 - (acryl) benzofuran {2- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5 [1- (E) -propenyl] benzofuran}, i.e licarin B, 2- (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyphenyl) - 2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5 - (acryl) benzofuran {2- (3, 4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyphenyl）-2，3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-〔1-（E）-propenyl〕benzofuran｝、 1- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) - 1-propanol [1- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propan-1-ol], 1- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy) - 1-propanol [1- (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) -2- (4-allyl-2, 6-dimethoxyphenoxy) propan-1-ol]. oleanolic acid （oleanolic acid）。

3、
1. sedative hypnotic effect Methylisoeugenol contained in the volatile oil of this product has the effect of inhibiting the central nervous system. After iv50mg/kg in rabbit ears, righting reflex, pain reflex and auditory reflex disappear during sleep. The average sleep time is 20 minutes and 8s, which can strengthen the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital.
2. antibacterial effect the MIC of methyl isoeugenol against Staphylococcus aureus and Diplococcus pneumoniae was 0.4mg/ml and 0.6mg/ml, respectively. Malabarone B has strong antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus Fortis. The MIC of the former two is 1ug/ml, the latter is 2ug/ml, and the MIC of malabarone C on Bacillus subtilis is 2ug/ml.
3. anesthetic effect Methyleugenol and Elemene in the volatile oil of this product have anesthetic effect on mice, rabbits, cats and dogs after IV administration.
4. other functions 4.1 Irritating effect on gastrointestinal tract: the volatile oil contained in this product has irritating effect on gastrointestinal tract and has wind dispelling effect. A small amount can promote the secretion of gastric juice and stimulate gastrointestinal motility, while a large dose can inhibit it.
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