Gentiana scabra
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Gentiana scabra       This product is the dried roots and rhizomes of Gentiana manshuric kitag., Gentiana scabra bge., Gentiana Triflora pall ~, or Gentiana rigesceras franch., which belong to the Gentianaceae family. The first three are commonly referred to as "Gentiana scabra", while the latter is commonly referred to as "Gentiana scabra". Excavate in spring and autumn, wash and dry.
      [character] Gentiana scabra   The rhizome is irregular and massive, 1 ～ 3cm long and 0.3 ～ 1cm in diameter; the surface is dark gray brown or dark brown, with stem marks or residual stem base at the upper end, and most slender roots grow around and at the lower end. The root is cylindrical, slightly twisted, 10-20cm long, and 0.2-0.5cm in diameter; the surface is yellowish or yellowish brown, and there are many significant horizontal wrinkles on the upper part, while the lower part is thin, with longitudinal wrinkles and root marks. It is brittle and easy to break, with slightly flat section, yellowish white or light yellowish brown skin, light wood color, and dotted ring. The breath is weak and the taste is bitter.
      ; The surface is free of transverse wrinkles, the outer skin is membranous, easy to fall off, and the wood is yellowish white, easy to separate from the skin.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: gentian   . Narrow cortex; The outer cortex cells are square like, with slightly thick walls and corky; The endothelial cells extended tangentially, and each cell was divided into several square like small cells by the longitudinal wall. Phloem is broad and fissured. The cambium is not very obvious. Xylem vessels have 3-10 clusters. The medulla is obvious. .
      ; Most of the tissues outside the endothelial layer have fallen off. Xylem vessels are developed and evenly distributed. Unmyelinated part.
      The powder is yellowish brown. The cell surface of the outer cortex of Gentiana scabra looks like a spindle, and each cell is divided into several small flat square cells by the horizontal wall. The cell surface of the endothelial layer is rectangular and very large, and the flat peripheral wall shows a fine transverse texture. Each cell is separated into several grid like small cells by the longitudinal septum, which is mostly Beaded thickened. Parenchyma cells contain fine calcium oxalate crystals. The diameter of reticulated duct and trapezoidal duct is about 45 μ M.
      ; No outer cortex cells. The endothelial cells are square or rectangular in shape, and the horizontal texture of the peripheral wall is thick and dense, some of which are up to 3 μ m thick. Each cell is separated into many grid like small cells, and the next wall is slightly thickened or beaded.
      (2) Take the spare filtrate under [content determination] as the test solution. In addition, take gentiopicroside reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of the test solution and 1 μ l of the control solution, respectively dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate, use ethyl acetate methanol water (10:2:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air, and view under the UV light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 9.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 36.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (25:75) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 270nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the gentiopicrin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take appropriate amount of gentiopicroside reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test sample solution take about 0.5g of powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh accurately, add 20ml of methanol precisely, weigh, heat and reflux for 15 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, use the filtrate for standby, accurately measure 2ml of continuous filtrate, put it into a 10ml measuring bottle, add methanol to the scale, shake well, and then get it.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of gentiopicroside (c16h20o9) in Gentiana scabra should not be less than 3.0% according to the calculation of dry products; Gentiopicroside (c16h20o9) in Gentiana rigescens shall not be less than 1.5%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, moisten, segment and dry.
      Gentiana this product is irregular in shape. The rhizomes are irregular patches with dark gray brown or dark brown surface. The root is cylindrical, with light yellow to yellowish brown surface, and some have horizontal wrinkles and longitudinal wrinkles. The cut skin is yellowish white to brownish yellow, and the wood is light in color. The breath is weak and the taste is bitter.
      This product of Gentiana rigescens has irregular sections. The root surface has no transverse wrinkles, the membranous cortex has fallen off, and the surface is yellowish brown to dark brown. The cut skin is yellowish brown, and the wood is light in color.
      [content determination] the content of gentiopicroside (c16h20o9) in Gentiana scabra should not be less than 2.0% as in the same medicinal material; Gentiopicroside (c16h20o9) in Gentiana rigescens shall not be less than 1.0%.
      [identification] (except the cross-sectional surface) [inspection] [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold. Return to liver and gallbladder channels.
      . It is used for damp heat jaundice, Yin swelling and Yin itching, band down, eczema itching, liver fire and red eyes, tinnitus and deafness, flank pain and bitter mouth, strong middle, convulsion.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G.
      [storage] put it in a dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Gentiana scabra
1. Gentiana root contains schizoiridoid glycosides and bitter components:Gentiopicroside（gentiopicroside），Swertiamarin（swertiamarin），Swertide（sweroside），Gentianoside（amarogentin）， Trace amounts of amaroswerin; The total content of Picroside can be as high as 7.33%, while the content of gentiopicroside can reach 6.34%[1]. Alkaloids:Gentiana macrophylla(gentiannine0.05%[2], gentioflavine) [3].
2. the root of Gentiana scabra contains schizoiridoid glycosides and bitter components:Gentiopicroside，Swertiamarin，Swertide，Gentianoside, trace amounts of swainsonine glycosides; The total content of Picroside can reach 4.35%, while the content of gentiopicroside is 4.15%[1].
3. the root of Gentiana scabra contains schizoenoic acid terpenoids:Gentiopicroside，Swertiamarin，Swertide, trace amounts of swainsonine glycosides; The total content of Picroside is 3.95%, while the content of gentiopicroside is 3.66%[1]. It also contains tcmlibifloroside [4].
4. Gentiana yunnanensis root contains schizoiridoid glycosides and bitter components:Gentiopicroside，Swertiamarin，Swertide, trace Picroside, trace Picroside; The total content of Picroside is 5.10%,GentiopicrosideThe content is 5.01%[1]. ,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol)[5]。

3、
1. effects on digestive tract gentiopicroside or gentiopicroside can promote gastric juice and gastric acid secretion. Oral administration of gentiopicroside to dogs with gastric fistula can promote gastric juice secretion, increase free hydrochloric acid and increase appetite. However, sublingual application or intravenous injection is ineffective, so gentiopicroside can directly promote gastric juice secretion and increase free acid.
2. choleretic and hepatoprotective effects taking healthy and liver damaged mice, giving 50g/kg Longdan injection to duodenum or 4.5g/kg intravenously to healthy dogs can significantly increase bile flow. According to the bile secretion flow curve of dogs, there were two peaks at 5 and 20 minutes of administration. . Longdan injection, 25g/kg subcutaneously, can significantly reduce the content of serum bilirubin in the experimental jaundice model of mice (hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis) induced by α - naphthalene isothiocyanate.
3. diuretic effect Longdan injection 10g / kg, injected through ear vein, can increase the average urine output of 5 rabbits from 0.76ml to 2.64ml every 30 minutes before administration (p< 0.1), suggesting that Longdan has obvious diuretic effect.
4. antibacterial effect test 14 species of Gentiana plants, of which 7 have effects on rhizobial bacteria, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, etc. Gentiana water extract has different degrees of inhibitory effect on dermatophytes such as Trichophyton gymnoides and Nocardia stauroides in vitro. .
5. effects on the central nervous system gentine has an excitatory effect on the central nervous system of mice, but it has an anesthetic effect at a larger dose. It is also reported that longcholine 25-200mg/kg intraperitoneal injection or gavage has central inhibitory effect, can reduce spontaneous activity and directional reflex in mice, prolong the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate, reduce body temperature, relax muscles, and reduce the toxicity of strychnine; 200-400mg / kg has sedative effect on mice and can reduce the activity of mice. Swertiamarin can inhibit the central nervous system and has analgesic and sedative effects. It has spasmolytic effect on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle; 6. other effects when taken in large quantities, it can hinder digestion, sometimes have headache, flushing face, and fall into dizziness. . Large doses of gentian tincture can depress blood pressure in anesthetized animals, inhibit the heart and slow down the heart rate. Gentiopicroside proposed from G.lutea has higher toxicity to Plasmodium for malaria fever and experimental arthritis swelling caused by the antibiotic formaldehyde. . The water extract of Gentiana biloba has inhibitory effect on the delayed allergic reaction induced by chloropicrin in mice.