Cirsium japonicum
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Cirsium japonicum       This product is the dry aboveground part of Cirsium japonicum fisch.ex dc., a Compositae plant. When the flowers bloom in summer and autumn, the aboveground parts are cut to remove impurities and dried in the sun.
      [character] the stem of this product is cylindrical, and the base diameter can reach 1.2cm; the surface is greenish brown or tan, with several longitudinal edges and filamentous hairs; The section is gray white, and the medulla is loose or hollow. The leaves are shrunken, mostly broken, and the complete leaves are oblanceolate or obovate oval after flattening, pinnately cleft, and the edges have unequal pinpricks; The upper surface is grayish green or yellowish brown, the lower surface is light, and both sides have gray white filamentous hairs. The head inflorescence is terminal, spherical or oval, the involucre is yellowish brown, and the feather is gray white. The air is weak and the taste is light.
      [identification] (1) leaf surface view: upper epidermal cells are polygonal; The cells of the lower epidermis are oblong, with wavy vertical walls. Stomatal indefinite form or inequality, 3-5 accessory guard cells. The non glandular hair has 4-18 cells, the apical cells are slender and twisted, with a diameter of about 7 μ m, and the walls have staggered keratinocytes.
      (2) Take LG of the product powder, add 10ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), absorb 1 ～ 2 μ 1 of the above two solutions, respectively dot on the same polyamide film, use acetylacetone butanone ethanol water (1:3:3:13) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray aluminum trichloride test solution, air dry, and inspect under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the fluorescent main spot with the same color appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [inspection] impurities shall not exceed 2% (general rule 2301).
      The moisture content shall not exceed 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the provisions of the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), the use of dilute ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (21:79); .
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of salidroside reference substance, accurately weigh it, add 70% ethanol to make a solution containing 55 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.5g of the powder, weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 100ml of 70% ethanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 70% ethanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ 1 of the reference solution and 10 μ 1 of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      Calculated as a dry product, the content of salidroside (c28h34o15) in this product shall not be less than 0.20%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash with water or soften, cut into sections and dry.
      This product has irregular sections. The stem is short cylindrical, green brown on the surface, with several longitudinal edges and filamentous hairs; The cut surface is gray white, and the pulp is loose or hollow. The leaves are shrunken, mostly broken, and the edges have unequal needles; Both sides have gray white filamentous hairs. The capitulum is mostly broken. The air is weak and the taste is light.
      [identification] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter and cool. Heart returning and liver meridian.
      [functions and indications] cool blood and stop bleeding, disperse blood stasis, detoxify and eliminate carbuncle. It is used for bleeding, hematemesis, hematuria, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, trauma bleeding, carbuncle, swelling and sores.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Cirsium japonicum
Fresh leaves containArtichoke glycoside（pectolinarin）[1]。 The aboveground part containsDandelion sterol acetate(taraxasteryl acetate), β - amyrin acetate, dotriacontanol,Stigmasterol（stigmasterol），β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Liuchuanyuflavin（pectolinari-genin）[2]。 The root contains oil, and there are aplotaxene, dihydroaplotaxene, tetrahydroaplotaxene, hexahdroaploataxene, 1-pentadecene, cyperene, caryophyllene, thujop sene, α -himachalene [3], cis-8,9-epoxy-1-heptadecene-11, 13-diyn-10-ol (8,9-epoxy-heptadeca-1-en-11,13-diyn-10-ol) [4]. the root also containsDandelion sterol acetate.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Cirsium japonicum
1. effects on cardiovascular system 1.1 effects on the activity of isolated frog hearts twelve frogs were prepared according to the starub method. Ringer's solution was added with artichoke. When the concentration was greater than 20mg/l, the heart rate did not change significantly. When the concentration reached 200mg/l, the cardiac contraction amplitude became smaller, the heart rate slowed down, and then atrioventricular block occurred in different degrees. If ringer's solution was replaced, the contraction amplitude of normal heart rate could be restored.
1.2 six isolated rabbit hearts of either sex were perfused according to langendorff's method. After the cardiac activity was stable, 0.5g/kg artichoke was injected from the side branch of the heart cannula. The heart rate and cardiac contraction amplitude after administration were recorded immediately and compared with those before administration.
1.3 six dogs were anesthetized with 3% sodium pentobarbital 30mg/kg in vivo. After thoracotomy and artificial respiration, the blood pressure and cardiac contraction curve were recorded synchronously with a physiological and pharmacological multi-purpose instrument. After IV of 1.5g/kg artichoke, the blood pressure was significantly reduced from 15.8 ± 0.9kpa to 11.8 ± 0.8kpa (x ± SD, n = 6, P < 0.05 =). The amplitude of cardiac contraction decreased from 100 ± 1% to 39 ± 7%, and the heart rate decreased from 103 ± 7% to 72 ± 6%. This hypotensive effect can be seen in the whole experimental process. It increases immediately after administration, and gradually decreases after 1 minute. The blood pressure lowering effect can last for nearly 20 ± 7 minutes, but the hypotensive effect of repeated administration is not obvious.
1.4 the blood pressure of three dogs with rapid tolerance to artichoke was 17.9 ± 0.9kpa. After the first dose of 1.5g/kg IV of artichoke, the blood pressure decreased to 12 ± 1.1kpa. After the blood pressure returned to the original level, the blood pressure of two dogs decreased by 3.7 ± 0.8kpa after the second dose of the same dose of the drug, and the blood pressure of another dog decreased by the same value as the first dose of IV, suggesting the possibility of rapid tolerance.
The effect of 1.5 on the pressor reflex of occluded common carotid artery (BCO) anesthetized dogs, occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries with artery clamps every 5 minutes for 15s, such a total of 2 times, measured the pre IV BCO pressure rise value (from 16.6 ± 1.6 to 20.8 ± 2.4kpa), and then IV Cirsium 1.5g/kg, when the blood pressure drop was the lowest, BCO increased the blood pressure from 9.1 ± 2.1 to 10.3 ± 2.4kpa. According to the formula: pressor response value (%) = [increased blood pressure / original blood pressure -60] X100 plus correction. Results the pressor response was 48% before administration and 33% after administration, suggesting that Cirsium japonicum has the effect of inhibiting BCO pressor reflex.
Water extract, ethanol water extract and ethanol extract can reduce blood pressure in dogs, cats and rabbits. Cirsium japonicum water, Cirsium japonicum fresh or dry root decoction, root lye, acid alcohol extract and leaf water decoction all had antihypertensive effect on anesthetized dogs, while leaf lye, whole herb lye and whole herb water decoction had no obvious effect.
2. antibacterial effect in vitro test Cirsium japonicum (variety not identified) root decoction or whole herb distillation can inhibit the growth of human toxic tubercle bacillus at the concentration of 1:4000. Alcohol infusion has inhibitory effect on human tuberculosis at 1:30000, but the inhibitory concentration of water decoction is greater than that.
3. effect on ascites cancer cells take healthy mice inoculated with ascites cancer cell fluid for 0.1ml.7-8d, and then grow more cancer fluid. Take out the cancer fluid and add 1 drop to the glass slide, and add 1 drop of 20% artichoke Decoction and 1 drop of eosin tais solution. Observe the death of cancer cells under the microscope. If killed, the cells are stained red, and if not killed, they are still colorless and transparent. At the same time, salivary gland cells and testis cells were used for control test. . But no damage to salivary gland cells.