Jujube
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Chinese Jujube       This product is the dried and mature fruit of Ziziphus jujuba mill., a rhamniaceae plant. .
      . The base is concave and has short fruit stalks. The exocarp is thin, the mesocarp is brownish yellow or light brown, fleshy, soft, sugar rich and oily. The stone is spindle shaped, with sharp ends and hard texture. It smells slightly and tastes sweet.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is brown. Exocarp brown to brownish red; ; The cells under the epidermis are yellow or yellowish brown, polygonal like, and the wall is slightly thick. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals (some broken into sand crystals) or square crystals are smaller and exist in mesocarp parenchyma cells. The stone cells of the fruit stone are yellowish brown, polygonal like, with obvious laminar patterns, fine and dense pore grooves, and the cell cavity contains yellowish brown substances.
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 10ml of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃), soak for 10 minutes, sonicate for 10 minutes, filter, discard the petroleum ether solution, dry the drug residue, add 20ml of ether, soak for 1 hour, sonicate for 15 minutes, filter, concentrate the filtrate to 2ml as the test solution. Another 2G of jujube reference medicinal material was taken, and the reference medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take oleanolic acid control sample and betulinic acid control sample, add ethanol to make 1mg solutions per 1ml respectively, and use them as the control solution. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the total ash content shall not exceed 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      Aflatoxin was determined according to the aflatoxin assay (general rule 2351).
      The content of aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 5 μ g per 1000g, and the total amount of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 10 μ G.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash and dry. Break or enucleate during use.
      [character], [identification], [inspection] are the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, warm. Return to spleen, stomach and heart meridian.
      [functions and indications] tonify the middle and replenish qi, nourish blood and calm nerves. It is used for spleen deficiency with little food, fatigue and loose stool, and irritability of women.
      [usage and dosage] 6 ～ 15g.
      [storage] store in a dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of jujube
1. jujube fruit contains alkaloids: stephar ine,N-nornuciferine（N-nornuciferine）， Asmilobine.
It also contains triterpenoid acids:Lulutonic acid（betulonic acid），oleanolic acid （oleanoic acid），Maslinic Acid(Maslinic Acid) isHawthorn acidCratagolicacid), 3-o-trans-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, 3-o-cis-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid,Betulinic acid（betulinic acid），Maltic acid3-o-trans-p-coumaroyl alpha tolic acid, 3-o-cis-p-coumaroyl alpha tolic acid. It also contains soap like compounds: Zizyphus saponin Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ andZizyphus Jujuboside B（jujuboside）。 . In addition, the water-soluble extract of fruit contains fructose, glucose, sucrose, oligosaccharides of fructose and glucose, and a small amount of Arabian and galacturonan; The main fatty acid in the fruit is oleic acid, which contains sterols includingβ - sitosterol（β-sitosterol）、Stigmasterol(stigmasterol) and a small amount of desmosterol, and the pulp also containsrutin（rutin）， The content can reach 3385mg/100g, vitamin C 540-972mg/100g, riboflavin, thiamine,Alpha carotene、Beta carotene（carotene）， Nicotinic acid, etc. It also contains tannins, coumarin derivatives, lipids, resins, malic acid, etc.
Seed kernel containsJujuboside A、Zizyphus jujuba saponinB、Zizyphus jujuba saponinB1It also contains indole acetic acid. Jujube also containsL-lysine（L-lysine），L-aspartic acid （L-aspartic acid），L-asparagine（L-asparagine），glycine（glycine）， Glutamic acid,L-alanine（L-alanine），L-Proline （L-proline），L-valine （L-valine），l-leucine Amino acids such as L-leucine and 36 trace elements including selenium.
2. spinless jujube fruit contains glycosides: zizybeoside Ⅰ and Ⅱ zizyvoside Ⅰ and Ⅱ,Rose glycoside（roseoside）。 It also contains alkaloid components: zizyphusin, Daechu alkaloid a,Nuciferine（nuciferine），Hengzhou Aconitine（coclaurine）， Nornuciferine, lysicamine. It also contains cyclic peptide compounds: daechucy clopeptide-1, daechuine S3, etc. It also contains vomifliol, 6,8-di-c-glucose-2 (s) - naringenin [6,8-di-c-gluco-syl-2 (s) -naringenin], 6,8-di-c-glucosyl-2 (R) - oleoretin [6,8-di-c-glucosyl-2 (R) -naringenin, palmitoseic acid, 11 octadecenoic acid, oleic acid] and cyclic adenosine phosphate, Zizyphus spinosa s-arabinan), glycolipid, phospholipid, etc.

3、 Pharmacological effects of jujube
. Randomly divided into group I (control group), 18 rats, only given tap water and ordinary dry block feed. In group II (MNNG group), 18 rats received free intake of MNNG 100ug/ml for 10mo, and then were fed tap water. Give ordinary dry block feed. In group III (MNNG plus jujube group), 16 rats were given 100ug/ml MNNG plus jujube (dried fruit), about 1g per mouse per day, mo15 drug withdrawal. The others were the same as group II. Group (mnng7mo plus jujube group) 125 rats, given mnng100ug/m17mo months later plus jujube until the 15th month. The others are the same as group III. They will die by themselves or leave the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, liver, lymph nodes, lungs and other organs. The stomach was generally cut along the greater curvature, and three pieces of tissue 0.3-0.4cm were taken, fixed in alcohol and formalin solution, and made tissue sections for H.E staining. The morphological changes and the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer were observed by naked eye and microscope. Rats treated with mnng100ug/ml and fed with jujube for 15mo at the same time, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach of group Ⅱ was 15.4 (2 / 13), and the total incidence of gastrointestinal malignant tumors was 38.4% (5 / 13); After the rats were treated with mnng100ug/ml for 7mo, the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma in group IV was 21.7% (5 / 23), and the total incidence of gastrointestinal cancer was 34.8% (8 / 23), which was significantly different from 71.14% (10 / 14) in group II (MNNG) (P < 0.05). It is suggested that after MNNG treatment of rats, long-term feeding of Chinese jujube seems to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal malignant tumors.
1.2 inhibitory effect on the proliferation of sarcoma-180 free betulinic acid and hawthorn acid with ester activity were further isolated from triterpenoids isolated from jujube. After continuous administration for 7 days (25mg/ day), they had inhibitory effect on the proliferation of 5-35% sarcoma-180. In particular, hawthorn acid, after continuous administration for 14 days, had 61% inhibitory effect, which was stronger than that of 5-FU.
2. anti type I allergic reaction 2.1 anti IgE induced inhibition of leukotriene (LTD4) release from human peripheral blood basophils date 10g, heated water 100ml extraction, get jujube extract. . Lichteinstein and Osler two-step method was used for in vitro culture. When stimulated with anti IgE of 2x10-2 antibody nitrogen /ml, 1:10 diluted jujube extract was added in the second step. The determination of LTD4 was performed according to Samuelsson method. The results showed that the peripheral basophils of sensitized patients produced very little LTD4 (spontaneous release) without any stimulation, while LTD4 was released when stimulated with 2x10-2 antibody nitrogen /ml anti IgE. When 1:10 diluted jujube extract was added in the second step, the release of LTD4 was roughly the same as the spontaneous release. The mechanism is related to the fact that camp contained in jujube can easily penetrate the leukocyte membrane and act on the second phase of chemical medium release to inhibit the release of LTD4, which is related to the inhibition of allergy.
2.2 it can specifically inhibit the production of IgE antibody. 100mg/kg of ethyl? - d-fructofuranoside in the ethanol extract of jujube can inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. The compound is produced by ethanol extraction with fructose contained in jujube under the action of organic media, and has a specific inhibitory effect on the production of IgE antibody. It has antagonistic effect on serotonin and histamine. The anti allergic effect is also related to camp like substances contained in jujube. In addition, it has been reported that coumaric acid, an ester type triterpene compound in jujube, can improve the activity of adjuvants.
3. other effects 3.1 the inhibitory effect on the central nerve was evaluated by prolonging the action of thiopental sodium. It was found that benzyl glucosides and naringin (glucosides and other compounds) in jujube had significant antihypertensive effect, and it was confirmed that naringin (glucosides) could reduce spontaneous movement, stimulate reflex, tonic stupor, and inhibit the central nerve.
. The jujube group was treated with 30% jujube Decoction according to the weight of 0.3ml/kg every morning, and the control group was given 0.3ml/kgip water. In the experiment, the mice were fed with rice swallowing mixed feed and vegetables for 3wk, and weighed on an empty stomach in the morning. The average weight of the jujube group increased by 3.0g, while the average weight of the control group increased by 1.6g. At the same time, the animals in the two groups were subjected to fasting swimming test, and the results showed that the jujube group was 3 minutes and 50 seconds, while the control group was 2 minutes and 30 seconds. It proved that the jujube group had the effect of increasing weight and.
3.3 effect on serum albumin in rabbits with experimental liver disease two male rabbits, weighing 2kg, were injected with carbon tetrachloride 0.25ml/kgip, and 1% thiopental sodium 1ml/kg was injected into ear vein 1 week later. Results the anesthesia time was more than twice as long as normal. . Then 30% jujube decoction was used, and IPL weeks before feeding every morning. The self-control serum albumin of experimental rabbits showed that the normal value of total protein was 5.14g%, 4.6g% before treatment, 4.90g% 1wk after treatment, 3.10% in the normal albumin group, 2.46G% before treatment, 3.00g% 1 week after treatment, and 2.04g% (normal value) of globulin was 2.23g% before treatment, 1.90g% 1 week after treatment.