Phellodendron amurense
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Phellodendron amurense       This product is the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense schneid., a Rutaceae plant. Commonly known as "Phellodendron amurense". .
      [properties] the product is plate-shaped or shallow grooved, varying in length and width, and 1-6mm thick. The outer surface is yellowish brown or yellowish brown, flat or with longitudinal grooves, and some can see skin hole marks and residual grayish brown thick skin; . It is light, hard, fibrous in cross section, split and layered, dark yellow. The breath is weak, the taste is extremely bitter, and the chewing is sticky.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is bright yellow. The fibers are bright yellow, 16 ～ 38 μ m in diameter, often in bundles, and the surrounding cells contain calcium oxalate crystals, forming crystal fibers; The wall of crystalline cells is lignified and thickened. ; In some cases, large fibrous stone cells up to 900 μ m in length can be seen. Calcium oxalate has many square crystals.
      (2) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 40ml of 1% acetic acid methanol solution, sonicate at 60 ℃ for 20 minutes, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to 2ml as the test solution. . Then take the reference substance of phellodendrine hydrochloride and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3-5 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use the lower layer solution of chloroform methanol water (30:15:4) as the developing agent, put it in the development cylinder saturated with ammonia vapor, develop, take out, air dry, and spray with dilute bismuth potassium iodide test solution. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 8.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] determined by the cold leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 14.0%.
      [content determination] berberine   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (50:50) (0.1g sodium dodecyl sulfonate per 100ml) was used as the mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 265nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the peak of berberine hydrochloride.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of berberine hydrochloride reference substance, accurately weigh it, add mobile phase to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
      ; Take about 0.1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, put it into a 100ml measuring flask, add 80ml of mobile phase, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 40 minutes, cool it, dilute it to the scale with mobile phase, shake it well, filter it, and take the continuous filtrate.
      ; .
      This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of berberine is calculated as berberine hydrochloride (c20h17no4.hcl), which shall not be less than 3.0%.
      Phellodendrine   .
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (0.2g sodium dodecyl sulfonate per 100ml) (36:64) was used as the mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 284nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 6000 according to the peak of Phellodendron hydrochloride.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of Phellodendron hydrochloride reference substance, accurately weigh it, add mobile phase to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
      Test solution preparation   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of mobile phase precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with mobile phase, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 5 μ l of the reference solution and 5 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of phellodendrine shall not be less than 0.34% based on the content of phellodendrine hydrochloride ((c20h23no4.hcl).
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] Phellodendron amurense   Remove impurities, spray water, moisten thoroughly, shred and dry.
      This product is in the form of silk strips. The outer surface is yellowish brown or yellowish brown. The inner surface is dark yellow or light brown, with longitudinal ribs. The cut surface is fibrous, split and layered, dark yellow. It tastes bitter.
      [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      ; Take Phellodendron amurense and fry it according to the salt water roasting method (general rule 0213).
      This product is shaped like phellodendron, with dark yellow surface and occasional focal spots. .
      [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Phellodendron charcoal   Take Phellodendron amurense and stir fry it according to the charcoal roasting method (general rule 0213) until the surface is burnt black.
      This product is shaped like cypress silk, with a burnt black surface and a dark brown or brown black interior. It is light, brittle and easy to break. It tastes bitter and astringent.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold. Return to kidney and bladder meridian.
      [functions and indications] clear away heat and dampness, remove fire and steam, detoxify and treat sores. It is used for damp heat diarrhea, yellow gangrene and red urine, vaginal itching, hot shower and pain, beriberi flaccidity, bone steaming and fever, night sweats, spermatorrhea, sore swelling and toxin, eczema and wet sores. Salt Cortex Phellodendri can nourish yin and reduce fire. .
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 12g. Suitable for external use.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moisture.


2、 Chemical constituents of Phellodendron amurense
1. Berberis bark containsberberine(berberine) is about 1.6%, and a small amount is combinedBerberine（phellodendrine），Magnoliane（magnoflorine），Jatrorrhizine（jatrorrhizine），Palmatine（palmatine）， Candicine, menisperine, guanidine; In additionLimonin(limonin), namely, obacillactone,Berberine(obacunone) and γ -,β - sitosterol（γ-，β-sitosterol），Campesterol（campesterol），Stigmasterol（stigmasterol）， 7-dehydrostigmasterol, dictamnolide, obaconic acid, lumicaeruleic acid, 24 methylenecyclosterol, γ - hydroxybutyrolactone derivatives (Phellodendron chinense) Ⅰ, Ⅱ, hispiol B,Berberine（berberrubine）。 About 9% berberine was isolated from the root bark, and there wereJatrorrhizine, trichosanthine,BerberineThe fruit contains a small amount ofberberine，PalmatineIn addition, it contains about 2.16% volatile oil, about 92% myrcene as the main component in the oil, and a small amount of methyl Wang ketone, a small amount of methyl heptanone and substances that may be geraniol. In addition, it also contains herculin, 5,5 '- dimethyl furfural ether. The leaves contain flavonoids up to 10%, from which phellodrin (about 1% in fresh leaves), dehydrocarbutin (about 0.04% in fresh leaves), phellodendroside (about 0.14% in dry leaves), phellodendroside, dehydrocarboside, nor icariside, phellodrin, and,Hyperin（hypero-side）。 . In addition, it also contains polysaccharides. After hydrolysis, the content of arabinose is about 22% - 23%, rhamnose is about 30%, and galactose and galacturonic acid account for about 47%. In addition, a- (1-4) - linked (galactosyluronic acid) galactose was also obtained.
2. yellow bark containsberberine，Magnoliane，Berberine，Palmatine, lactones, sterols, etc. The fruit contains cnorin-np36, piscidinol-a, niloticin, niloticin acetate, dihydroniloticin, n-methylflindersine, phellochin, melianone, friedelin, 4,10-dimethyl-7-isopropyl-5 (E) cyclodecenoic acid [4,10]-dimethyl-7-isopropyl-5 (E) cyclodecanol]. Leaves contain catechol sugars. . Tetrahydroberberine is contained in the bark of the same genus of bald leaf wampee,Tetrahydropalmatine（tetrahydropalmatine），D-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine（tetrahydrojatrorrhizine），Berberine，Magnoliane，β - sitosterol. obtained from its callusberberineThe stems and bark of Phellodendron amurense containberberine，Tetrandrine（columbamine），Jatrorrhizine，Palmatine，Berberine, thalifendine,MagnolianeAnd thalphenine.

3、 Pharmacological action of Phellodendron amurense
Cortex Phellodendri and Rhizoma Coptidis also contain more berberine, so their pharmacological effects are generally similar, see Rhizoma Coptidis. However, the content of Coptis chinensis is lower than that of Coptis chinensis, and it contains other components, and the effect is also somewhat different.
. In vitro test, it is effective or has strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, Diphtheria Bacillus, Streptococcus viridans, Shigella dysenteriae (except sonnei), hemolytic streptococcus, meningococcus, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus anthracis; It also has inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pertussis and Bacillus tetanus; It has no direct inhibitory effect on H37Rv and Mycobacterium tuberculosis avium, but it can reduce the number of bacteria, but it has antibacterial effect when the concentration reaches 1%. When guinea pigs were inoculated with human tuberculosis (H37Rv) as experimental treatment, the efficacy of oral or injection was very poor. For guinea pigs inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis, the hydrochloric acid crystals of Phellodendron amurense extract have certain curative effect when injected intramuscularly. Phellodendron amurense has improved the clinical symptoms and X-ray examination of tuberculosis patients, and is better than Coptis chinensis. In the test tube, Cortex Phellodendri decoction or extract has different degrees of antibacterial effect on common pathogenic fungi. Its decoction can not kill Leptospira (the dose needs to be I times larger than that of Coptis chinensis). . It is reported that 1:1 Phellodendron amurense liquid made from the acid-base extract of Phellodendron amurense can be used to treat bacillary dysentery by enema, and generally can be cured in 2-4 days. The total effective rate of Huangbai physiotherapy liquid in the treatment of chronic prostatitis was 97.3%.
2. antifungal effect: the ether extracts of Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron amurense have strong antibacterial effect on Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton rubrum, which is stronger than nystatin, but weaker than nystatin on Candida albicans.
3. antitussive effect: the volatilization of Phellodendron amurense fruit has antitussive effect, and its antitussive component is mainly geranylene. .
4. antihypertensive effect: Phellodendron amurense can produce significant and lasting antihypertensive effect on anesthetized animals by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. Carotid injection is stronger than intravenous injection, so the antihypertensive effect may be central. The tertiary amine compound named xylopin, which was synthesized by changing the quaternary ammonium type of Phellodendron base, can also cause rapid and significant hypotension; When the spinal cord was cut between cervical vertebrae Ⅰ - Ⅱ, the hypotension disappeared, which also proved that the hypotension was central. .
5. anti Trichomonas effect: Cortex Phellodendri decoction, 10% concentration and Trichomonas solution 1:1 mixed culture, has an inhibitory effect on Trichomonas vaginalis.
6. anti hepatitis effect: Cortex Phellodendri decoction has inhibitory effect on hepatitis B antigen by 6.25-100% in vitro test. Berberine has a certain effect on chronic hepatitis.
7. effect on immune function: Cortex Phellodendri decoction, 100% concentration, 0.3ml/ mouse by gavage for 7 consecutive days, can increase the number of spleen plaque forming cells in mice.
8. anti ulcer effect: Cortex Phellodendri extract (norberberine) 100mg/kg subcutaneously, 100, 1000mg/kg intragastrically or intradermally can inhibit gastric ulcer induced by ethanol, aspirin or pyloric ligation in rats.
9. other effects: berberine and cilopipine have inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and the spontaneous activities and various reflexes of mice are inhibited; The amplitude slow wave can appear in the brain wave when the non anesthetized rabbits were given cilopillin. Phellodendrine has a mild curare like effect and has no effect on the tension of frog rectus abdominis muscle, but it can inhibit the contraction reaction caused by acetylcholine. ; Phellodendri lactone inhibits intestinal tract. In rabbits with pancreatic fistula, Phellodendron amurense can promote pancreatic secretion. When the dose of Phellodendron was close to the lethal dose (0.05-0.1g/kg), it could reduce blood glucose in rabbits, but Phellodendron had no such effect. Phellodendron is said to protect platelets. Phellodendron amurense can kill larvae (10ppm can kill 62% in 18 hours) and houseflies. In addition, it also has the effects of diuresis, stomach strengthening and external use to promote the absorption of subcutaneous hemorrhage.