Astragalus membranaceus
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Astragalus membranaceus       This product is the dried root of the legume Astragalus membranaceus (fisch.) bge.var.mongholicus (bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (fisch.) bge. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove fibrous roots and root heads, and dry them in the sun.
      [properties] this product is cylindrical, some have branches, the upper end is thick, 30 ~ 90cm long, 1 ~ 3.5cm in diameter. The surface is light brown yellow or light brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles or grooves. It is hard and tough, not easy to break, with strong fibrous section and powdery appearance. The skin is yellowish white, and the wood is yellowish, with radial texture and cracks. The center of the old root is occasionally withered, dark brown or hollow. The breath is slight, the taste is slightly sweet, and the chewing is slightly beany.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: multiple rows of cork cells; The inner layer of the thrombus is composed of 3-5 rows of thick horn cells. Phloem rays are often curved and fissured on the outside; The fibers are in bundles, with wall thickness, lignification or microlignification, and are arranged interactively with the sieve tube group; . The cambium forms a ring. Xylem vessels are scattered singly or clustered in 2-3 groups; There are wood fibers between conduits; Sometimes single or 2-4 groups of stone cells can be seen in the rays. Parenchyma cells contain starch granules.
      The powder is yellowish white. . The vessels with marginal pits are colorless or orange yellow, and the marginal pits are closely arranged. Stone cells are rare, round, oblong or irregular in shape, with thick walls.
      (2) . In addition, take astragaloside IV control sample and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the control solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the lower layer solution of chloroform methanol water (13:7:2) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same brown spots appear in the sunlight at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample; The same orange yellow fluorescent spots appear under the UV lamp (365nm).
      (3) Take 2G of this product powder, add 30ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, add 15ml of 0.3% sodium hydroxide solution to dissolve the residue, filter, adjust the pH value of the filtrate to 5 ～ 6 with dilute hydrochloric acid, shake and extract with 15ml of ethyl acetate, separate the ethyl acetate solution, filter with filter paper covered with an appropriate amount of sodium sulfate without water, and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Add 1ml ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 2G of Astragalus membranaceus control medicinal material was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform methanol (10:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, fumigate in ammonia vapor, and view under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the fluorescent main spot with the same color appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 10.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      Heavy metals and harmful elements   According to the determination method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper (general rule 2321 atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), lead shall not exceed 5mg/kg; Cadmium shall not exceed 0.3mg/kg; Arsenic shall not exceed 2mg/kg; Mercury shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; .
      Organochlorine pesticide residues   Determine according to the pesticide residue determination method (general rule 2341 determination of organochlorine pesticide residues - Method 1).
      The total BHC content (the sum of α -bhc, β -bhc, γ -bhc and δ -bhc) shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; Total DDT (pp'-dde, pp'-ddd, op'-ddt, the sum of PP DDT) shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; .
      [extract] determined according to the cold leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 17.0%.
      [content determination] astragaloside IV   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile water (32:68) was used as mobile phase; Evaporative light scattering detector detection. .
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of astragaloside IV reference substance, weigh it accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 4G of the powder in this product, weigh it accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 40ml of methanol, soak it in cold overnight, add an appropriate amount of methanol, heat it and reflux it for 4 hours, recover the solvent from the extraction solution and concentrate it to dryness, add 10ml of water to the residue, dissolve it with slight heat, shake and extract with water saturated n-butanol for 4 times, 40ml each time, combine the n-butanol solution, wash it thoroughly with ammonia test solution twice, 40ml each time, discard the ammonia solution, evaporate the n-butanol solution, add 5ml of water to dissolve the residue, cool it, pass through D101 type macroporous adsorption resin column (inner diameter is 1.5cm, column height is 12cm), elute with 50ml of water, discard the water solution, and elute with 30ml of 40% ethanol, discard the eluent, then elute with 80ml of 70% ethanol, collect the eluent, evaporate it to dryness, add methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer it to a 5ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, and shake it well.
      Assay   Accurately suck 10 μ L and 20 μ l of the reference solution and 20 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine them, and calculate them with the external standard two-point logarithmic equation.
      .
      Calycosin isoflavone glucoside   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.2% formic acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the following table; .
     
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of calycosin isoflavone glucoside reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 50 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a round bottomed flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, heat it for reflux for 4 hours, cool it, weigh it again, use methanol to make up the lost weight, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 25ml of continuous filtrate, recover the solvent to dryness, add methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer it to a 5ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake it well, and then get it.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of calycosin isoflavone glucoside (c22h22o10) shall not be less than 0.020%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, separate size, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut thick pieces, and dry.
      This product is a thick piece of quasi circular or oval shape, with yellowish white to light tan skin on the outside, and longitudinal wrinkles or grooves can be seen. The cut skin is yellowish white, the wood is yellowish, with radial texture and cracks, and some centers are occasionally decayed, dark brown or hollow. It tastes slightly sweet and has a beany taste when chewing.
      [identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, mild. Return to the lung and spleen meridians.
      [functions and indications] it can replenish qi and elevate Yang, firm the exterior and stop sweating, promote water and reduce swelling, generate fluid and nourish blood, promote stagnation and unblock arthralgia, support toxin and discharge pus, and heal sores and generate muscle. It is used for Qi deficiency and fatigue, eating less and loose stools, depression of middle Qi, long-term diarrhea and anal prolapse, blood in stool and metrorrhagia, surface deficiency and spontaneous sweating, Qi deficiency and edema, internal heat and thirst, blood deficiency and yellowing, hemiplegia, arthralgia and numbness, carbuncle and gangrene difficult to collapse, and long-term collapse without convergence.
      [usage and dosage] 9 ～ 30g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place, damp proof and mothproof.


2、 Pharmacological effects of Astragalus membranaceus
1. the root of Astragalus membranaceus contains 2 ', 4' - dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxyisoflavone, cholinebetaine（betaine）、 Amino acids, sucrose, glucuronic acid and trace folic acid.
2. Inner Mongolia astragalus root containsβ - sitosterol.
It also contains flavonoidsCalycosin（calycosin）、 3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxy pterostane, also containingAstragaloside I、AstragalosideⅤ、AstragalosideⅢ（astragalosideⅠ、Ⅴ、Ⅲ） 。

3、 Pharmacological effects of Astragalus membranaceus
1. After the normal rats were fed with Astragalus powder for 1 week, their oxygen consumption was gradually increased compared with that before taking the medicine.
2. It can strengthen normal heart contraction and has a cardiotonic effect on the failing heart.
3. This product can dilate the tubular blood vessels and renal blood vessels, and make the peripheral blood vessels of the whole body dilate, the skin circulation is smooth, and the blood pressure of hypertensive patients is reduced.
4. The experimenter conducted a diuretic test on himself and proved that Astragalus membranaceus has moderate diuretic effect.
5. Astragalus membranaceus was ground into powder and fed to rats for 3 days, which could inhibit experimental nephritis.
6. .
7. Oral administration of Astragalus membranaceus in rabbits can significantly reduce blood glucose.
8. It has excitatory and contractile effects on isolated rat uterus.
9. Bacteriostatic test: This product can inhibit Shigella dysentery, anthrax, Hemolytic Streptococcus A, hemolytic streptococcus B, diphtheria, pseudodiphtheria, pneumococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus citri, Bacillus subtilis, etc. in vitro.