Chrysanthemum indicum
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Chrysanthemum indicum       This product is the dried head of the Chrysanthemum indicum L. It is picked at the beginning of flowering in autumn and winter, dried in the sun, or steamed and dried in the sun.
      [properties] this product is quasi spherical, 0.3 ~ 1cm in diameter, brown yellow. The involucral bract is composed of 4-5 layers of bracts, the outer bracts are oval or strip-shaped, the middle part of the outer surface is grayish green or light brown, usually covered with white hairs, and the edge is membranous; The inner bracts are long oval, membranous, and the outer surface is glabrous. . The tongue shaped flower is 1 round, yellow to brownish yellow, wrinkled and curled; Most tubular flowers are dark yellow. Light body. It smells fragrant and tastes bitter.
      [identification] take 0.3g of this product powder, add 15ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, cool, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Another 0.3g of Chrysanthemum indicum reference medicinal material was taken, and the reference medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take the control sample of linarin and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml as the control solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same polyamide film, use ethyl acetate butanone chloroform formic acid water (15:15:6:4:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 2% aluminum trichloride solution, dry with hot air, and view under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 14.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 9.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol water glacial acetic acid (26:23:1); The detection wavelength was 334nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of linarin.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of linarin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to dissolve it (heat it if necessary) to make a solution containing 25 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.25g of this product powder (passing through No.3 screen). Weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 100ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, heat it for reflux for 3 hours, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      ; Precisely suck 20 μ l of the reference solution and 20 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
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      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, pungent and slightly cold. Return to liver and heart meridian.
      [functions and indications] clearing heat and detoxifying, purging fire and calming liver. It is used for prickly sores, carbuncle, swollen and painful eyes, headache and dizziness.
      [usage and dosage] 9 ～ 15g. Apply appropriate amount externally, wash in decoction or apply ointment externally.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum
containChrysanthemum indicum lactone（handelin chrysanthelide）[1，2]， Chrysanthemol [3], chrysanthetriol [4], indicumeone [5], chrysanthenone [6, 7], CIS spiroenol ether, trans spiroenol ether [8], angelioylcumambrin B, angelioylajadin, arteglasin a[9],Linarin（aca-ciin）[10]，Luteolin（luteolin）[11]， Luteolin-7 - β - D-glucoside, quercetin- β - D-glucoside [12],Cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride（chrysanthemin）[13]， Chrysanthemax anthin [14],Carotene（daucosterol）， Ambrosin s,Robinin（acacetin）[3]， Acacetin-7-o - β - D-galactopyranoside [15], glyceryl-1-monobehe-nate,palmitic acid（palmitic acid）[3]，Ursolic acid（ursolic acid）， Linoleic acid,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Lupeol（lupeol）[16]， .

3、 Pharmacological effects of Chrysanthemum indicum
1. effect on cardiovascular system: 1.5-2.0g (crude drug) /kg of the injection obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation of Chrysanthemum indicum was intravenously injected into anesthetized cats, and the coronary flow immediately increased by 93%. After continuous observation for 40 minutes, the coronary flow increased compared with that before administration, with significant differences. The heart rate significantly slowed down after administration, and decreased by 12% immediately after administration compared with that before administration. The oxygen partial pressure difference between arteries and veins was lower than that before administration, indicating that myocardial oxygen consumption was reduced. . The blood vessels of rabbit kidney and rabbit ear were also significantly dilated after administration of Chrysanthemum indicum injection. Chrysanthemum indicum preparations used in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction or insufficient blood supply can significantly improve the uptake of caesium in the myocardium. The water decocted alcohol precipitated ethyl acetate extract of Chrysanthemum indicum, 80mg/kg intravenously injected into healthy anesthetized dogs, can increase the coronary flow by 49.6%, reduce the coronary resistance by 45.8%, and the effect lasts for about 10 minutes. At the same time, the heart rate slows down, the blood pressure and total peripheral resistance drop, the cardiac output and stroke volume increase, and the left heart work volume decrease, which are significantly different from those before administration. .
2. effect on platelet aggregation: take the carotid blood of male rabbits to prepare blood rich tabloid plasma, put 0.9ml into the aggregation tube, add 0.1ml of wild chrysanthemum injection containing 1g (crude drug) /ml, place at room temperature for 3 minutes, stir at 37 ℃ for 2 minutes, add 5 μ l ADP, and calculate the platelet aggregation ability of rabbits induced by ADP by regression method. Its inhibitory effect is 2.3 times that of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 3.2 times that of Codonopsis pilosula. Its 50% depolymerization dose is equivalent to 60% of Salvia miltiorrhiza and 50% of Codonopsis pilosula.
3. antihypertensive effect: the aqueous solution of ethanol flow extract of Chrysanthemum indicum by intraperitoneal injection or gavage has obvious antihypertensive effect on non anesthetized rats, anesthetized cats and anesthetized dogs. When 50-100mg of the refined extract of Chrysanthemum indicum ethanol extract was injected into the intestine, the area percentage of hypotension in anesthetized cats within 2H could reach -19 to -22%, which had no obvious effect on heart rate and respiration.; . Its hypotensive characteristics are slow and long-lasting, and no serious toxic reactions. It is worth noting that its water extractor basically does not reduce blood pressure, indicating that the antihypertensive active ingredient exists in the ester soluble part. The aqueous solution of Chrysanthemum indicum flow extract injected intraperitoneally still had antihypertensive effect on cats, and could inhibit the pressor response of blocking the common carotid artery. The test also proved that chrysanthemum indicum had no obvious effect on ganglion and m-choline receptor, but had anti adrenergic effect. In anesthetized dogs, intraperitoneal injection does not reduce cardiac output, while vasodilation, total peripheral resistance and blood pressure decrease. Based on the above points, it is believed that the hypotensive mechanism of Chrysanthemum indicum is not through reducing cardiac output or blocking sympathetic ganglia, nor through vagal reflex mechanism, but through anti epinephrine and expanding peripheral blood vessels, and may also be related to the inhibition of vasomotor center.
. Wild chrysanthemum or wild chrysanthemum branches and leaves 1:5 decoction has the effect of inhibiting dysentery bacilli in the test tube, and the branches and leaves still have the effect of inhibiting typhoid bacilli. Chrysanthemum indicum Decoction also has inhibitory effect on a variety of other pathogenic bacteria, and the mic is about 1:10-1:80. At high concentration, it also has different degrees of inhibitory effect on a variety of skin fungi. The antibacterial effect of the whole herb of Chrysanthemum indicum is stronger than that of the flower, the fresh product is stronger than the dry product, and the potency is reduced when heated (such as by high-pressure disinfection).
Chrysanthemum indicum Decoction also has the effect of delaying the pathological changes of human embryonic kidney or human embryonic lung primary monolayer epithelial cells caused by echo11 virus, herpesvirus and influenza virus Jingke 68-1 strain, but it has no effect on parainfluenza virus (Sendai strain), adenovirus (type 3) and rhinovirus (types 17 and 20). In addition, chrysanthemum indicum also had inhibitory effect on Leptospira in vitro, and there was no obvious difference between different bacterial types, while the water decoction was stronger than the alcohol immersion preparation.
5. promoting leukocyte phagocytosis: in vitro test, 1:1280 concentration of Chrysanthemum indicum decoction can promote human leukocyte phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, but its water decoction has no such effect.
6. other effects: the water decoction and alcohol precipitation of Chrysanthemum indicum, 50 or 150 mg of which was injected intraperitoneally into mice poisoned by Bungarus multicinctus or naja atra Venom, reduced the mortality compared with the control group; However, it has no therapeutic effect on mice poisoned by Agkistrodon acutus venom.