Anemarrhena asphodeloides
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Anemarrhena asphodeloides       This product is the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides bge. Digging in spring and autumn, removing fibrous roots and sediment, and drying in the sun, is commonly known as "hairy Anemarrhena"; Or remove the skin and dry it in the sun.
      [character] this product is long strip, slightly curved, slightly flat, occasionally branched, 3-15cm long, 0.8-1.5cm in diameter, with light yellow stem and leaf scars at one end. The surface is yellowish brown to brown, with a concave groove on it, with closely arranged ring-shaped nodes, on which yellowish brown residual leaf bases are densely distributed, growing from both sides to the top of the rhizome; . It is hard, easy to break, and the section is yellowish white. It tastes slightly sweet and bitter, and tastes sticky.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish white. The mucus cells are round, oval or spindle shaped, with a diameter of 53-247 µ m, and the cell cavity contains calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles. Calcium oxalate needle crystals are in bundles or scattered, with a length of 26-110 µ M.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 10ml of dilute ethanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Take another mangiferin reference substance and add dilute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same polyamide film, use ethanol water (1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      (3) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 10ml of 30% acetone, sonicate for 20 minutes, and take the supernatant as the test solution. In addition, take the reference substance of Anemarrhena saponin B Ⅱ and add 30% acetone to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of n-butanol glacial acetic acid water (4:1:5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray vanillin sulfuric acid test solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      ; Not more than 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 9.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 4.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] mangiferin   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2% glacial acetic acid aqueous solution (15:85); The detection wavelength was 258nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 6000 according to the mangiferin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of mangiferin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add dilute ethanol to make a solution containing 50 µ g per 1ml.
      ; Take about 0.1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of dilute ethanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (Power 400W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with dilute ethanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      ; Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of mangiferin (c19h18o11) shall not be less than 0.70% according to the dry product.
        Anemarrhena saponin B Ⅱ   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; ; Acetonitrile water (25:75) was used as mobile phase; Evaporative light scattering detector detection. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 10000 according to the peak of anemarrhenin B Ⅱ.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of the reference substance of Anemarrhena saponin B Ⅱ, accurately weigh it, add 30% acetone to make a solution containing 0.50mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.15g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of 30% acetone precisely, weigh it, sonicate (Power 400W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, take it out, cool it, weigh it again, use 30% acetone to make up the lost weight, and shake it well. After filtration, take the continuous filtrate.
      ; Accurately suck 5 µ L and 10 µ l of the reference solution and 5 ～ 10 µ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine them, and calculate them with the external standard two-point method logarithmic equation.
      According to the calculation of dried product, the content of anemarrhenin B Ⅱ (c45h76o19) shall not be less than 3.0%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] Anemarrhena asphodeloides   Remove impurities, wash, moisturize, cut into thick pieces, dry, and remove dandruff.
      This product is irregular round thick film. The outer skin is yellowish brown or brown, and a few residual yellowish brown leaf base fibers and pitted or raised punctate root scars can be seen. The cut surface is yellowish white to yellow. It tastes slightly sweet and bitter, and tastes sticky.
      [inspection] acid insoluble ash   No more than 2.0% for the same medicinal material.
      [content determination] the content of mangiferin (c19h18o11) shall not be less than 0.50%, and the content of anemarrhenin B Ⅱ (c45h76o19) shall not be less than 3.0%.
      [identification] [inspection] (moisture and total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Salt Anemarrhena asphodeloides   Take Rhizoma Anemarrhenae tablets and stir fry them according to the salt water roasting method (general rule 0213).
      This product is shaped like Anemarrhena asphodeloides, with yellow color or micro patch focal spot. It tastes slightly salty.
      [inspection] acid insoluble ash   No more than 2.0% for the same medicinal material.
      [content determination] the content of mangiferin (c19h18o11) shall not be less than 0.40%, and the content of anemarrhenin B Ⅱ (c45h76o19) shall not be less than 2.0%.
      [identification] [inspection] (moisture and total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and cold. It belongs to the lung, stomach and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] clearing heat and purging fire, nourishing yin and moistening dryness. It is used for exogenous febrile diseases, high fever and thirst, lung heat and dry cough, bone steaming and hot flushes, internal heat and thirst quenching, intestinal dryness and constipation.
      .
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moisture.


2、 Chemical constituents of Anemarrhena asphodeloides
It mainly contains saponins. The rhizome contains about 6% of total saponins, from which six saponins are detected, which are calledAnemarrhena saponin A1，Anemarrhena saponin A2，Anemarrhena saponinA3、Anemarrhena saponinA4、Anemarrhena saponinBandAnemarrhena saponinBⅡ, whereAnemarrhena saponin A3It is a disaccharide composed of salsa saponin and Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Anemarrhena saponin A1It is salsa sapogenin β - D-galactopyranoside. The sapogenin in rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides is mainly salsa sapogenin, and the content in dry roots is about 0.5%. In addition, there are also Melco sapogenin and neogenin. The saponin isolated from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides used to be called anemarrhenin. It is presumed that it is mycosaponinAnemarrhena saponin A3、A4、Anemarrhena saponin BA mixture of et al. The rhizome still contains a large amount of reducing sugar, mucus, tannic acid, fatty oil, etc., and 188 micrograms of nicotinic acid per gram. Nicotinamide 12 micrograms. In additionMangiferin0.5％。
Above ground part includingMangiferinandIsomangiferin. leaf containsMangiferinAbout 0.7%. The flower contains saponins, and the aglycone c27h42o4 with melting point of 246 ～ 248 ℃ is obtained after hydrolysis.
The rhizome also contains Anemaran a, B, C, D, CIS hinokiresinol, monomethyl CIS hinokiresinol, oxy CIS himokiresinol, 2,6,4 '- trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, p-hydroxyphenyl crotonic acid), pentacosyl vinyl ester,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Mangiferin（mangiferin）， Niacin 188ug/g (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide 12ug/g (nicotinamide) and pantothenic acid 16ug/g (pantothenic acid).

3、 Pharmacological action of Anemarrhena asphodeloides
. Feeding experimental tuberculosis mice with a diet containing 2.5% Anemarrhena asphodeloides powder can reduce the pulmonary tuberculosis lesions. Anemarrhena asphodeloides showed strong antibacterial effect on some common pathogenic dermatophytes, such as tinea schrenckii and its Mongolian variant, Trichophyton comorbidity, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton flocculus, Trichophyton ferrugineum, Trichophyton plantaris, Trichophyton interdigitalis and Paenibacillus canis, on Saber weak's medium. A water-soluble saponin extracted from Anemarrhena asphodeloides has a strong inhibitory effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially Candida albicans. Another flavone crystal also has an inhibitory effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. inhibition of Na (+), K (+) - ATPase activity: in vitro experiments have proved that anemarrhenin (sarsasapogenin) is a na+-k+-atpase inhibitor, which has a very obvious inhibitory effect on purified rabbit kidney Na (+), K (+) - ATPase, and its activity is similar to that of specific Na (+), K (+) - ATPase inhibitor ubenin at 2 × 10 (-5) mol / L. The increase of Na (+), k+) - ATPase in the liver of mice was rapidly induced by thyroxine. Zhimu saponin and sapogenin could inhibit the excessive oxygen consumption rate of liver slices of these mice to a level close to that of normal mice; The oxygen consumption rate of normal mouse liver slices showed a decreasing trend, but there was no statistical significance. The whole experiment in rats also showed that the intragastric administration of Zhimu sapogenin 25mg / mouse could inhibit the increase of Na (+) and K (+) - ATPase activities in liver, kidney and small intestine mucosa caused by the simultaneous intragastric administration of thyroxine.
3. effect on sympathetic adrenal function: rats were gavaged with 50% Anemarrhena asphodeloides decoction, 4ml daily for 3 weeks, which could significantly reduce the activity of dopamine - β - hydroxylase in adrenal gland, suggesting the reduction of catecholamine synthesis. At the same time, the adrenal weight was significantly reduced compared with that of the normal saline control group, and the heart rate was reduced week by week, which was significantly lower than that before administration in the third week. In addition, intragastric administration of 5 times the commonly used dose in humans for 5 consecutive days has no obvious effect on the plasma corticosterone level of normal animals, but it can antagonize the feedback reduction of plasma corticosterone level caused by exogenous corticosteroid preparation dexamethasone. Further studies have proved that one of the mechanisms is that Anemarrhena asphodeloides inhibits the catabolism of cortisol in the liver.
4. hypoglycemic effect: when 200mg / kg aqueous extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides was given to normal rabbits by gavage, the blood glucose could be reduced by 18-30%, lasting for more than 6 hours; The water extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides 500mg / kg crude drug per day was given to alloxan diabetic rabbits by gavage for 4 consecutive days, which also showed obvious hypoglycemic effect and alleviated islet atrophy. Intraperitoneal injection of 150mg / kg water extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (raw dosage) to alloxan diabetic mice also showed a significant decrease in blood glucose. Anemarrhena asphodeloides can promote glucose uptake in rat diaphragm and adipose tissue, and increase the content of glycogen in diaphragm, but reduce the amount of glycogen in liver, and reduce the content of ketone bodies in urine. Anemarrhena asphodeloides a, B, C and D isolated from rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides have hypoglycemic effect, and B has the strongest activity.
5. antipyretic effect: there are different reports on whether Anemarrhena asphodeloides has antipyretic effect. It has been reported that Anemarrhena asphodeloides has antipyretic effect on rabbits with fever caused by Escherichia coli, but it has also been reported that Baihu Decoction has no obvious antipyretic effect on rabbits with experimental fever after removing gypsum. The saponins in rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides can significantly reduce the increase in oxygen consumption rate caused by thyroxine and inhibit the activity of Na (+), K (+) - ATPase. The inhibition rate of total saponins on Na (+), K (+) - ATPase is 59.8%, and the inhibition rate of its semi succinic acid derivative is 89.8%, so it is considered to be related to the effect of clearing heat and purging fire.
6. anti tumor effect: Anemarrhena saponin can inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival time in nude rats transplanted with human liver cancer, but there is no significant difference in statistics. .
. Niacin in Anemarrhena asphodeloides can maintain skin and nerve health and promote digestive tract function. The extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides has inhibitory effect on the activities of reverse transcriptase and various deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases. Both Rhizoma Anemarrhenae sarsasapogenin and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction can significantly reduce the brain β - receptor RT value of mice in high thyroid hormone state, but have no effect on affinity, and can significantly improve the weight loss of mice in this state.