Roasted licorice
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of roasted licorice       This product is a processed product of licorice.
      [preparation method] take licorice tablets, fry them according to the honey roasting method (general rule 0213) until they are yellow to dark yellow, take them out when they are not sticky, and let them cool.
      [properties] the product is in quasi circular or oval slices. The outer skin is reddish brown or grayish brown, slightly shiny. The section is yellow to dark yellow, the cambium ring is obvious, and the rays are radial. Slightly viscous. It has scorched aroma and sweet taste.
      [identification] according to the [identification] (2) tests under licorice, the same results were found.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 10.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [content determination] the content of liquiritin (c21h22o9) shall not be less than 0.50% and glycyrrhizic acid (c42h62o16) shall not be less than 1.0% as that of liquorice.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet and smooth. Return to heart, lung, spleen and stomach meridian.
      [functions and indications] tonify spleen and stomach, replenish qi and restore pulse. .
      [usage and dosage], [attention], [storage] the same as licorice.


2、 Chemical constituents of roasted licorice
Roots and rhizomes contain glycyrrhizin (i.eglycyrrhizic acidglycyrrhinicacid,C42H62O16）6～14％， It is a sweet ingredient of licorice and a triterpene saponin.glycyrrhizic acidHydrolyze to produce a moleculeGlycyrrhetinic acid(glycyrrheticacid, c30h46o4) and two molecules of glucuronic acid (c6h10o7). And contained a small amount of glycyrrhizin (i.eliquiritin liquiritin,C21H22O9, It is a flavanol flavanone glycoside, and its aglycone name isLiquiritigeninLiquiritigenin, c15h12o4 and glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritin, c21h24o9, dihydroxyglycyrrheticacid (c30h46o5)Glycyrrhizin(licoricidin, c25h32o5, namely 3 ', 6-diisopentene-2', 4 ', 5-trihydroxyisoxanthane)Glycyrrhizin（glycyrol,C21H18O6）、 5-0-methylglycyrrhizol (c22h20o6), ISO glycyrrhizol (c21h18o6), in addition, it also containsD-Mannitol（D-mannite）、 .


3、 Pharmacological effects of roasted licorice
1. detoxification: glycyrrhizin or its calcium salt has a strong detoxification effect, has a strong detoxification effect on diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin, and also has detoxification effect on some allergic diseases, animal experimental hepatitis, tetrodotoxin and snake venom. Its detoxification mechanism may be multifaceted. Through physical and chemical precipitation, adsorption and combination, strengthening the detoxification function of the liver and glucuronic acid, the hydrolysate of glycyrrhizin, are also effective ingredients for detoxification.

2. anti inflammatory and anti allergic reactions: glycyrrhetinic acid can inhibit cotton ball granuloma, formaldehyde edema, tuberculin reaction and subcutaneous granulosa cystic inflammation in rats. Ammonium glycyrrhizinate and sodium glycyrrhetinic acid can effectively affect the exudative and proliferative stages of subcutaneous granulation cystic inflammation, and their action intensity is weaker than or close to cortisone. Among the anti-inflammatory effects of various preparations of glycyrrhizic acid, succinate has higher activity, but it is also toxic. The principle of anti-inflammatory and anti allergic reaction of Glycyrrhiza uralensis has not been fully clarified.

3. licorice has expectorant effect, can promote the secretion of throat and bronchus, and make sputum easy to come out.

4. the derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid have significant antitussive effects on experimental cough in guinea pigs and cats.

5. various preparations of licorice have obvious inhibitory effects on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. The water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch has the effect of protecting gastric mucosa and treating gastric ulcer. According to the observation of the clinical and pharmacological research laboratory, the water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis can increase the "hexosamine" component of gastric mucosal cells, so that the gastric mucosa is not damaged.

6. effect on gastric secretion: after gavage, liquorice flow extract can adsorb gastric acid, so it can reduce the concentration of gastric acid, but it can also play a role after absorption. .

7. antispasmodic: Licorice Decoction and flow extract have inhibitory effects on isolated animal intestinal tubes, and have antispasmodic effects on intestinal spasm caused by acetylcholine, barium chloride, histamine, etc. Glycyrrhiza uralensis has a relaxing effect on the isolated intestine and in vivo stomach of animals.

8. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. For experimental liver injury in animals, its liver degeneration and necrosis were significantly reduced, the contents of hepatic glycogen and ribonucleic acid accumulated in hepatocytes were largely restored or close to normal, and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase was significantly decreased, indicating that Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Has the effect of anti liver injury.

9. adrenocorticotropic hormone like effect: Glycyrrhiza uralensis can reduce urine output and sodium excretion, increase potassium excretion, increase blood sodium, decrease blood calcium, and atrophy of adrenal cortical zona. Glycyrrhiza uralensis can increase the excretion of free 17 hydroxycorticosteroids in urine, and reduce the binding type. Small doses show thymus atrophy, adrenal weight increases, fascicular layer amplitude widens, and adrenal vitamin C content decreases. Licorice can significantly enhance and prolong the effect of cortisone. According to the principle of licorice producing adrenocortical hormone like effect, some people believe that the chemical structure of glycyrrhetinic acid is similar to that of adrenocortical hormone, and the effect is also similar, which is a direct effect; Some people also believe that it is an indirect effect, that is, glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the destruction of adrenocortical sterols in the body, so the content of corticosteroids in the blood increases correspondingly, showing a more obvious adrenocortical hormone like effect.

10. Glycyrrhiza uralensis has the effect of antagonizing acetylcholine and enhancing the cardiotonic effect of epinephrine.

11. anticancer: glycyrrhetinic acid can inhibit experimental myeloma and ascites hepatoma in rats. It can inhibit Ehrlich ascites cancer in mice.

12. the combination of licorice and Daphne genkwa has the opposite effect: the toxicity of the two co soaking groups is significantly higher than that of the sub soaking group. When Daphne genkwa and licorice are used together, the diuretic and purgative effects are inhibited, and the toxicity of licorice can be enhanced.