Rhizoma Atractylodis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Rhizoma Atractylodis       This product is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (thunb.) dc. or Atractylodes chinensis (dc.) koidz., a composite plant. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove sediment, dry in the sun, and bump fibrous roots.
      [character]   Atractylodes lancea is irregular beaded or nodular cylindrical, slightly curved, occasionally branched, 3-10cm long, 1-2cm in diameter. The surface is grayish brown, with wrinkles, transverse wrinkles and residual fibrous roots, and the top has stem marks or residual stem base. It is solid, with yellowish white or gray white section, scattered with many orange yellow or brownish red oil chambers, exposed for a little longer, and can precipitate white fine needle like crystals. It has a special fragrance and tastes slightly sweet, pungent and bitter.
      Atractylodes Rhizoma is lumpy or nodular cylindrical, 4-9cm long and 1-4cm in diameter. Its surface is black brown, and it is yellowish brown when the skin is removed. . The aroma is light, pungent and bitter.
      [identification]   (1) The powder is brown. The calcium oxalate needle crystals are fine, 5-30 μ m long, and fill irregularly in the parenchyma cells. The fibers are mostly in bundles, long fusiform, with a diameter of about 40 μ m, very thick walls, and lignified. . Inulin is common, and the surface is radial texture.
      (2) Take 0.8g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, sonicate for 15 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Another 0.8g of Atractylodes Rhizoma control medicinal material was taken, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take the atractylodin control sample and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml as the control solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 6 μ l of the test solution, 2 μ l of the control solution, and then dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, develop them with petroleum ether (60 ~ 90 ℃) - acetone (9:2), take them out, dry them, spray 10% thioic acid ethanol solution, and heat them until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 7.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination]   Avoid light operation. Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
        ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (79:21) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 340nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the peak of atractylodin.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of atractylodin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 20 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Rhizoma Atractylodis can remove impurities, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
      This product is irregular round or strip thick. The outer skin is grayish brown to yellowish brown, with wrinkles and sometimes root marks. The cut surface is yellowish white or grayish white, scattered with most orange yellow or brownish red oil chambers, and some can precipitate white fine needle like crystals. .
      [check]   The moisture content shall not exceed 11.0% of that of medicinal materials.
      The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 5.0%.
      ; Same as medicinal materials.
      Stir fry Rhizoma Atractylodis with bran. Take Rhizoma Atractylodis tablets and stir fry them according to the method of stir frying Rhizoma Atractylodis with bran (general rule 0213) until the surface is dark yellow.
      This product is shaped like Atractylodes, with a dark yellow surface and scattered brown oil chambers. It has a burning aroma.
      [check]   Moisture   No more than 10.0% for the same medicinal materials.
        The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 5.0%.
      [content determination]   The content of atractylodin (c13h10o) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 0.20%.
      [identification] (except for the superfine powder) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Bitter, bitter, warm. Return to spleen, stomach and liver channels.
      ; Dryness and dampness invigorate the spleen, dispel wind and cold, brighten the eyes. It is used for damp obstructing middle energizer, abdominal distension, diarrhea, edema, beriberi flaccid, rheumatism arthralgia, wind cold, night blindness, dim eyes.
      [usage and dosage]   3～9g。
      [storage]   Store in a cool and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Rhizoma Atractylodis
1. the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea contains 3.25% - 6.92% of the volatile oil, including 2-carene, 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5,5-trimethyl-2h-2,4 α - bridged ethylenenaphthalene (1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5,5-trimethyl-2h-2,4 α -ethanaphthalene), β - maalinene, chamigrene, and caryone.Phyllene), elemene, humulene, selinene, patchoulene, 1,9-aristolodiene,Guaiacol（guaiol）， Elemol,Atractylone（atractylone）， Apidienone [seli-na-4 (14), 7 (11) - diene-8-one], atractylodin, hinesol,β - eucalyptol(β -eudesmol) [1, 2], etc. The rhizome also contains furlade Hyde [3], 3 β - acetoxyatractylone, 3 β - hydroxyatractylone [4], and butenolide b[5]. Also containsL-tryptophan（L-tryptophane）， 3,5-dimethoxy-4-glucosyloxy phenylallyl alcohol and 2- (1,4 α - dimethyl-3-glucosyloxy-2-keto-2,3,4,4 α 5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-7-yl) isopropanol glucoside [2- (1,4 α - dimethyl-3-glucosyl-2-oxo-2,3,4,4 α 5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalen-7-yl)2 - [8-methyl-2,8,9-trihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl bicyclo [5.3.0] dec-7-yl] isopropanol glucoside

3、 Pharmacological effects of Rhizoma Atractylodis
. The main anti hypoxia active ingredient of Atractylodes lancea is β - eucalyptol.
2. effect on digestive tract: the volatile oil contained in Rhizoma Atractylodis has the effect of driving wind and strengthening stomach, and the bitter taste also has the effect of strengthening stomach and promoting appetite. The experiment proved that Atractylodes Rhizoma has obvious anti intestinal spasm caused by parasympathetic mediator acetylcholine. For the spontaneous movement of isolated small intestine of normal rabbits, Atractylodes Rhizoma can reduce the tension of small intestine. Atractylodes preparation can promote the amplitude recovery of the inhibitory effect of epinephrine on the relaxation of rabbit intestinal muscle caused by sympathetic mediator epinephrine. In addition, Atractylodes can also antagonize hydrochloric acid-induced acute gastritis in rats and pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats by antagonizing the effect of choline; .
3. cardiovascular effects: Atractylodes Rhizoma has a mild inhibitory effect on the heart of toads and a slight dilative effect on the blood vessels of the hind limbs of toads. A small dose of Atractylodes extract intravenously can slightly increase the blood pressure of rabbits, while a large dose can decrease the blood pressure.
4. central inhibitory effect: a small amount of volatile oil from Atractylodes lancea has sedative effect on frogs, and causes hyperreflexia of spinal cord at the same time; A larger amount of it showed inhibitory effect, and eventually died of respiratory paralysis. Its inhibitory components are mainly β - eucalyptol and atractylol. Atractylodes lancea and its β - eucalyptol also have anti electric shock induced spasticity in mice.
5. effects on liver: Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae decoction can significantly promote the synthesis of liver protein when given to mice by gavage with 10g crude drug / kg per day for 7 days. The crude drugs and the atractylol, atractylone and b-eucalyptol contained in them have significant preventive effects on the damage of primary cultured rat hepatocytes induced by carbon tetrachloride.
6. effect on blood glucose: oral or subcutaneous injection of 8G / kg of Rhizoma Atractylodis decoction or alcohol extract can slightly increase the blood glucose of normal rabbits. The same effect was obtained by intragastric administration of 10g/kg of its decoction; However, when the same dose of decoction was given by gavage, the blood glucose of alloxan diabetic rabbits decreased to the pre medication level within 10 days after a slight rise, and the blood glucose decreased continuously, with significant difference. After 7-14 days of drug withdrawal, the blood glucose did not rise to the pre medication level. . It plays a competitive inhibitory role with adenine nucleotide at the same mitochondrial receptor, thereby inhibiting intracellular oxidative phosphorylation and interfering with the process of energy transfer.
7. effect on urinary system: the experiment in rats proved that the decoction of Rhizoma Atractylodis lanceae by gavage had no diuretic effect, but it significantly increased the excretion of sodium and potassium.
8. bacteriostatic and disinfection effect: put the prepared Atractylodes Rhizoma into a covered enamel container, add 95% alcohol, and the dosage is appropriate to submerge the Atractylodes Rhizoma. After soaking for 8-10 hours, take out the Atractylodes Rhizoma, put it on the floor of the operation room to be disinfected, and light it until the Atractylodes rhizoma turns into ash. Results the number of bacteria layer after disinfection was significantly reduced than that before disinfection, and the disinfection effect was satisfactory.